Lillard, Angeline S., and Jennifer Peterson. Class inequalities have primarily been driven by gains among high-SES daughters compared to poorer girls and boys of all backgrounds, highlighting an emerging and interrelated inequality based on sex (Bailey and Dynarski 2011). 2015). Thomas Laidley, Dalton Conley, The Effects of Active and Passive Leisure on Cognition in Children: Evidence from Exogenous Variation in Weather, Social Forces, Volume 97, Issue 1, September 2018, Pages 129156, https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soy020. WebActive recreation means leisure time activities usually of a more formal nature and performed with others, often requiring equipment and taking place at prescribed places, sites or fields. Walking is one of the most common recreational activities on land; accordingly, this activity and the effects of trampling are well studied. government site. 1991). All remaining errors are ours alone. Systematic reviews generally find substantial positive associations between physical activity and cognitive well-being across the life course, but particularly among children and seniors (Esteban-Cornejo et al. stream His other interests include housing affordability and the growth and development of cities and the regions they anchor. 10 0 obj This raises the possibility of a selection bias mechanism whereby higher-ability children spend more time sedentary or consuming media. endstream Lee, Jooa J., Francesca Gino, and Bradley R. Staats. Data missingness is not a trivial concern using PSID-CDS data; in the inaugural 1997 wave, about 20 percent of families otherwise eligible and contributing to the study did not complete time diaries. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. If the recreation is performed for other people, such as a endobj Additionally, we include a suite of household shocks which are linked in the literature to either childhood development or other fundamentals like family SES status, including indicators of an additional birth (Sandberg and Rafail 2014), the departure of a parent from the household (Tach 2015), and whether the family changed residence from a prior wave (Jelleyman and Spencer 2008). Moreover, the paucity of plausibly causal estimates based on observational data hamstrings our ability to approximate the magnitude of effects and thus the real-world significance of certain behaviors, whether intuitively or associatively positive or negative. For instance, girls are over three times more sensitive to the effects of screen time than boys, yet the latter consume 2540 percent more depending on the wave. WebAim: Many older adults face limitations to participating in active leisure activities as a result of their physical constraints from aging. FOIA As the catchment and reservoir are the first and foremost barriers to protect drinking water quality, these ecological impacts may have a considerable influence on water quality. Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being. These effects are meaningfully large in a real-world sense, ranging from a rise or fall of a fifth to more than half a standard deviation in math scores per additional daily hour spent on the specific activity. While institutional and geographic factors are doubtlessly crucial to the formation of intellectual capital, these findings suggest that variations in home activity (i.e., outside formal school or childcare settings) may have cumulative effects on development that rival or even exceed those of school or neighborhood quality (Potter and Roksa 2013). /Name /im1 endobj 2017 Mar 1;10(2):67-75. doi: 10.3928/19404921-20170224-01. These activities were then coded by PSID researchers, and in their raw form may be aggregated to obtain a detailed snapshot of how and where children spent their time. In figure 1, we compare the sunniest (Arizona) and cloudiest (Vermont) places to the national average in daily insolation over the same time periods, and over the course of the year. * p < .05 ** p < .01 *** p < .001 (two-tailed tests). The prospect of a seasonally based confounder is more problematic considering the realities of the data. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted This leaves open the possibility that a different estimation strategy may uncover significant relationships between time use and cognition among the children of college-educated parents that we do not observe here. The signal between behavior and cognitive achievement would be weakened in these subgroups, and thus perhaps not broadly relevant in terms of policy because changing behaviors would only affect children whose behavior is sensitive to environmental conditions. FE-IV Results Stratified by Primary Caregivers Education. The differences between high- and low-socioeconomic-status (SES) children are even starker. /Length 11 0 R Differences patterned on race are significantly narrower than they were in the mid-twentieth century by any reasonable estimate, yet there is evidence that this convergence has stagnated since the 1990s (Neal 2006), and may be attributable to cohort-specific gains that manifested in the 1970s and 1980s (Chay, Guryan, and Mazumder 2009). The contribution of the smartphone use to reducing depressive symptoms of Chinese older adults: The mediating effect of social participation. Methods: We highlight relevant systematic differences in time use among families in our data along with other factors that may contribute to some of the patterns found in our stratified results, and that may also relate to achievement gaps among children more generally. /Length 9 0 R Careers. Moreover, even if behaviors are affecting cognitive performance through a more nebulous channel than raw intellectual ability (i.e., through more robust executive function and impulse control), ultimately they still produce measurable effects on assessment and can be considered net positive or negative. Mielke, Gregore I., Wendy J. Active engagement of one self to sports and recreational activities certainly gives benefits. In figure 3, we compare time use in the original CDS cohort we use in this analysis (19972007) to the newer 2014 module. However, little research has addressed heat-coping behaviours of elderly residents and whether green spaces play a role for this risk group during heat periods. Discussion and conclusion Evidence from the Tea Party Movement, Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, Racial Pigmentation and the Cutaneous Synthesis of Vitamin D, Emerging Roles for Folate and Related B-Vitamins in Brain Health Across the Lifecycle, Tracing the U.S. Deficit in PISA Reading Skills to Early Childhood: Evidence from the United States and Canada, Seasonality in Human Cognitive Brain Responses, Socioeconomic Correlates of Sedentary Behavior in Adolescents: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Economic Shocks and Civil Conflict: An Instrumental Variables Approach, Media Use and ADHD-Related Behaviors in Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis, Increasing Ambient Temperature Reduces Emotional Wellbeing, Ultraviolet Photodegradation of Folic Acid, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, Effects of Prenatal Exposure to Air Pollutants (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) on the Development of Brain White Matter, Cognition, and Behavior in Later Childhood, Accumulating Advantages over Time: Family Experiences and Social Class Inequality in Academic Achievement, Vitamin D-Binding Protein and Vitamin D Status of Black Americans and White Americans, Family Size, Cognitive Outcomes, and Familial Interaction in Stable, Two-Parent Families: United States, 19972002, The Acute Effect of Local Homicides on Childrens Cognitive Performance, A Survey of Weak Instruments and Weak Identification in Generalized Method of Moments, Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, The Effects of Old and New Media on Childrens Weight, Social Mobility in an Era of Family Instability and Complexity, ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Infant Media Exposure and Toddler Development, Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Scaling the Digital Divide: Home Computer Technology and Student Achievement, What Money Doesnt Buy: Class Resources and Childrens Participation in Organized Extracurricular Activities, Imputing the Missing Ys: Implications for Survey Producers and Survey Users, Childrens Television Viewing and Cognitive Outcomes, Temperature and the Allocation of Time: Implications for Climate Change. 2013). /Width 29 Before We use weekday measures of time use, and necessarily exclude summer vacation as the CDS was administered only during the school year. Sunlight also plays a key role in the formation of ozone (O3) from the environmental precursors of volatile organic compounds (VOC), carbon dioxide (CO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and these chemical reactions are accelerated in higher temperatures. 2013), criminal behavior (Jacob, Lefgren, and Moretti 2007), and civil conflict (Miguel, Satyanath, and Sergenti 2004), to name a few. 11 Increasing motivation through regular reinforcing experiences may be the first step toward achievement of Conceptually, we intuit that short- and medium-run changes in sunlight result in consequent reductions or increases in specific forms of leisure activity over the same time period, which then may have short- and medium-run cognitive effects. However, in high-performance sports, minimum performance differences can have a major impact on athletes success in competition. Verbal ability may thus be more sensitive to the additive cognitive gains children experience as the school year progresses, while math may be more sticky in comparison. Further, as a matter of course, we cannot produce estimates for non-compliers who, say, mostly stay inside regardless of weather conditions. (2009) find that among adults over 45, sunlight is positively associated with cognitive assessment, but only among individuals suffering from depression. Researchers have also illustrated related links between seasonal warm-weather allergens and decreased performance on high-stakes exams (Bensnes 2016). Here, we couple individual fixed effects and instrumental variable approaches in trying to determine whether specific forms of leisure contribute to gains in test performance over time. In the realm of public health, small-scale RCT and other experimental studies could help uncover what mechanisms are at play in deconstructing causal pathways, while other research using observational data and quasi-experimental methodology can lend support to or undermine our findings. Aim: We restricted the 2014 CDS descriptive estimates to children above 10 so they are comparable in age to the 2007 wave (when the youngest children in our sample were about 10 years old). The site is secure. We find robustly positive effects of physical activity and outdoor activity on math scores, with the opposite true for sedentary behavior and screen time. Int J Environ Res Public Health. The extant evidence illustrates that activity (and inactivity) may be related both to physical changes in the brain itself, along with cognitive improvements that can positively affect test performance through numerous channelsincluding those that relate to behavior (e.g., ability to focus) rather than intellectual skill per se. While more immediate effects are difficult to estimate, extant work tends to show that childhood exposure to these compounds is associated with reduced academic achievement and cognitive functioning, as well as with accelerated decline later in the life course (Clifford et al.
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