If the present expedition copies the doings of the other that preceded it, it will result in catching some friendly Indians, murdering them, and letting the guilty scamps remain undisturbed in their mountain haunts.[46]. Three days later, Lieutenant Livingston of Fort Walla Walla, leading a company of dragoons, met the survivors. When across they took a double quick until they arrived at the place they ocupy on the drawing they pitched in California style every man for himself and the Devil for the Indians. In the long term, Mormon settlers eventually moved to Cache Valley as well. Hal Schindler died a year before the Beach map was published and the original document appears to have once again disappeared. Brigham Young University [16], When the American Civil War began in 1861, President Abraham Lincoln was concerned that California, which had just recently become a state, would be cut off from the rest of the Union. [47][48], The first group to leave Fort Douglas was forty men of Company K, 3rd Regiment California Volunteer Infantry, commanded by Captain Samuel W. Hoyt, accompanied by 15 baggage wagons and two "mountain howitzers", totaling 80 soldiers. When the soldiers appeared shortly after daybreak on January 27 [sic], the Shoshonis were waiting in their defenses. 801-422-6975. Updated on November 07, 2020 The Sand Creek Massacre was a violent incident in late 1864 in which volunteer cavalry soldiers, commanded by a fanatical hater of Native Americans, rode up to a camp and murdered more than 150 Cheyennes who had been assured of their safety. Parry tells how the Native American perspective of this history as he learned it from his ancestors has been . Between 1846 and 1873, California's Indian population plunged from perhaps 150,000 to 30,000. Local settlers commented that it was unseasonably cold even for northern Utah, and it may have been as cold as 20F (30C) on the morning of the 29th when the attack began. James L. Fisk visited the site months later and wrote, Many of the skeletons of the Indians yet remained on the ground, their bones scattered by wolves, according to the National Park Service. General Connor came down the slope. They lost their lives., Mae Parry said her relatives told of how the blazing white snow turned brilliant red with blood.. Currently, Madsen says, some traditional military historians are still opposed to using the term massacre relative to Bear River. [43] Kinney issued a warrant for the arrest of chiefs Bear Hunter, Sanpitch, and Sagwitch. In his account, the cavalry sergeant also provided valuable insights concerning the movement of troops as the attack took shape; he carefully recorded the position of each unit and located the Indian camp and its defenders on a map of the battlefield. The Bear River Massacre of 1863 near what's now Preston, Idaho, left roughly 350 members of the Northwestern Band of the Shoshone Nation dead, making it the bloodiest and most deadly . Cavelry four companies afterwards scattered over the field. It was within a few miles of the Mormon Temple construction site and downtown Great Salt Lake City. This reflected an effort by the descendants of the Shoshone murdered there to change the official name of the event to reflect the reality of the engagement. On January 29, 1863, the U.S. Army attacked and killed 250 to 500 Shoshone people encamped at the Bear River, near present-day Preston, Idaho, in what was later named the Bear River Massacre. The reported number of Shoshone tribe members slain varies anywhere from 250 to 490. . The manuscript and map came to light in February 1997 after Jack Irvine of Eureka, California, read an Associated Press story in the San Francisco Chronicle about Brigham D. Madsen, University of Utah emeritus professor of history, and learned that Madsen had written The Shoshoni Frontier and the Bear River Massacre. Site of the Bear River Massacre of January 1863, where U.S. troops killed at least 250 Bannock and Shoshone people--perhaps many more. But the colonel didnt ask for the men before his soldiers started to fire. [21] Upon arriving in Utah, he established Camp Douglas (adjacent to the current location of the University of Utah) as the primary base of operations for his unit. A firing squad executed the captives and dumped their bodies into the Bear River. Kirk Savage, "The Politics of Memory: Black Emancipation and the Civil War Monument," in Commemorations: The Politics of National Identity, ed. The event in question occurred when, on January 29, 1863, volunteer soldiers under Colonel Patrick Edward Connor attacked a Shoshoni camp on the Bear River, killing nearly three hundred men, women, and children. Darren Parry, the chairman of the Northwestern Band of the Shoshone Nation is working to build an interpretive center at the Bear River Massacre site near Preston, Idaho. .We wish this community rid of all such parties, and if Col. Connor be successful in reaching that bastard class of humans who play with the lives of the peaceable and law-abiding citizens in this way, we shall be pleased to acknowledge our obligations. In 1862, Beach enlisted in Company K, Second California Volunteer Cavalry, and spent the next seven months at Camp Alert near San Francisco learning the basic skills of a soldier. This was a total of nearly 16,000 rounds for the campaign. Failing in that, he worked at a variety of odd jobs until the outbreak of the Civil War. That he had been a participant at Bear River and had drawn a map of the battlefield was a surprise to his descendants. In 1918, Sagwitch's son Be-shup, Frank Timbimboo Warner, said, "[H]alf of those present got away," and 156 were killed. The survivors reported that the attacking warriors took four Van Ornum children captive. [57] Their weapons were not as standardized or as well built as the guns issued by the Union Army to the soldiers of the California Volunteers. [78] The remains were returned in 2013. Madsens book conservatively places the number of Shoshoni dead at 250. Though there was a back and forth battle, either side sometimes instigating or retaliating, more often than not, it was the forces (whether military or citizen) of the United States that did the majority of the attacking and did so with the most lopsided . The settlers also claimed the number of surviving women and children to be much fewer than what Connor claimed. Sagwitch and other survivors retrieved the wounded and built a fire to warm the survivors. ), Records of California Men in the War of the Rebellion, 1861 to 1867 (Sacramento: State Printing Office, 1890), 17879, 275. Rafael Trujillo was in power from 1930 until his assassination in 1961 From late September to mid-October that year, men, women and children were rounded up, then beaten or hacked to death for just. PRESTON, Idaho Sunday morning was bitterly frigid along the Bear River likely similar to the morning exactly 160 years ago when Shoshone Chief Sagwitch Timbimboo woke early to find around . In the early spring of 1862, Utah Territorial Superintendent of Indian Affairs, James Duane Doty, spent four days in Cache Valley and reported: "The Indians have been in great numbers, in a starving and destitute condition. Sergeant W. L. Beach. He also says the papers can emphasize and strengthen the efforts of the National Park Service to bring recognition, at last, to the site of this tragic event, which was the bloodiest killing of a group of Native Americans in the history of the American Far West.. By noon the next day, the Shoshone returned with a small boy who fit the description of Reuben Van Ornum. By then, cold weather had set in and the Shoshones were in their winter grounds for the season. Utah Public Radio Over 150 years ago, the United States Army attacked and killed as many as 500 Shoshone men, women and children in Northern Cache Valley. Brigham D. Madsen, The Shoshoni Frontier and the Bear River Massacre (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1985), 177-200. Yet few have ever heard of it. It also addresses the question of why Bear River has been generally neglected and advances three reasons: (1) at the time, the massacre site was in Washington Territory, some eight hundred miles from the territorial capital, so residents of that territory paid little attention; (2) the event occurred during the Civil War, when the nation was occupied with other matters; and (3) Mormons in Cache Valley welcomed and approved of Connor's actions, and some historians may have been reluctant to highlight the slaughter because of the sanction it received from the the massacre involved Mormons. The Bear River Massacre, or the Engagement on the Bear River, or the Battle of Bear River, or Massacre at Boa Ogoi, took place in present-day Franklin County, Idaho, on January 29, 1863. On Jan. 5, 1863, 10 miners traveling south on the Montana Trail were said to have been murdered by Indians. Most of the remaining members of the Northwestern band of Shoshone built farms and homesteads under LDS Church sponsorship. On January the 29 th, 1863, between 200 and 300 Northwestern Shoshone were slaughtered by California Volunteer troops. By 1856, European Americans had established their first permanent settlements and farms in Cache Valley, starting at Wellsville, Utah, and gradually moving northward. [40], A.H. Conover, the operator of a Montana Trail freight-hauling service between mining camps of Montana and Salt Lake City, was attacked by Shoshone warriors who killed two men accompanying him: George Clayton and Henry Bean. Sagwitch thought the colonel would ask for the guilty men, and he would hand them over, wrote Mae Parry, who was an activist and a tribal historian. [7] Schindler owned a California-related manuscript that Irvine was willing to trade for the Beach papers. The Indians had a very strong natural fortification as you will percieve by the sketch within it is a deep ravine {with thick willows and vines so thick that it was difficult to see an Indian from the banks} runing across a smooth flat about half a mile in width. Answer: Mormons Explanation: "The Bear River Massacre was an event that changed the landscape of northern Utah and the fate of the Shoshone people. [10] Despite the policy, the settlers were consuming significant food resources and taking over areas that pushed the Shoshone increasingly into areas of marginal food production. Historians consider it the worst massacre of Native Americans in U.S. history. He also contacted me. The miners missed a turn and ended up mired and lost on the western side of the Bear River, unable to cross the deep river. He reported to the U.S. War Department before the engagement: I have the honor to report that from information received from various sources of the encampment of a large body of Indians on Bear River, in Utah Territory, 140 miles north of this point, who had settlements in this valley to the Beaver Head mines, east of the Rocky Mountains, and being satisfied that they were a part of the same band who had been murdering emigrants on the Overland Mail Route for the last fifteen years, and the principal actors and leaders in the horrid massacres of the past summer, I determined, although the season was unfavorable to an expedition in consequence of the cold weather and deep snow, to chastise them if possible. The battle narrative and map are presently in the possession of the Schindler family. Id.] The history of the American West and the interactions with the American Indians is one full of violence and depredations on both sides. the massacre that involved Mormons. Harville had an abiding interest in local history and was a founding member of the Humboldt County Historical Society. In 1990, it was designated as a national historic landmark and Mae Parry and other Shoshones fought for decades to have it be recognized as a massacre and not as a battle, as some historical markers had called it. To add an RSC website shortcut to your home screen, open the website in the Safari browser. White emigration traffic continued on the trails, dividing the great buffalo herds and shrinking them. Maybe that's them soldiers they were talking about. Perhaps the actions of the soldiers involved in the massacre, including "beat[ing infants] brains out on any hard substance they could find . Instead, they were preparing for a negotiated settlement where the chiefs would be able to talk with officers of the U.S. Army and try to come to an understanding. [36] McGarry instructed Bear Hunter to send his people to bring back the white boy. They worried that the Mormons' substantial militia might answer only to Young and not the federal government. Some were able to run and hide out along the icy river. Franklin County Historical Society (Idaho); "The passing of the redman, being a succinct account of the last battle that wrested Idaho from the bondage of the Indians"; [Preston? Sgt. . To him, she said, that would have been a sign of cowardice.. On the other hand, the Deseret News in an editorial, expressed: with ordinary good luck, the volunteers will "wipe them out." He recommended that an Indian Reservation be established in Cache Valley to protect essential resources for the Shoshone. The first monument to what happened on January 29, 1863 appeared in 1932 in southern Idaho. Because of their apparent role as principal actors and leaders in the horrid massacres of the past summer, I determined . He said they had destroyed more than 70 Indian lodges and captured 175 horses. A granddaughter of massacre survivor Pisappih or Red Oquirrh (aka Yeager Timbimboo, born circa 1848, died 1937), Mae heard and felt the painful stories from her grandfather. In 1863, around 350 Shoshone people were killed in the Bear River Massacre. In addition to opening the northern part of Cache Valley to Mormon settlement, Cache Valley also offered a staging area for additional settlements in southeastern Idaho. Other band members hid in the willow brush of the Bear River or tried to act as if they were dead. [18] The Utah War and Mountain Meadows massacre were still fresh in the minds of military planners. [72] Friction between the Mormons and Col. Connor continued for many more years with accusations of harassment of non-Mormons in the Utah Territory and criticisms by Mormons of Connor's attempts to begin a mining industry in Utah. Intelligence reports had correctly located Bear Hunter's village on Bear River about 140 miles north of Salt Lake City, near present Preston, Idaho. Lieutenant Marcus A. Reno came across the mutilated bodies of six of the Van Ornums. Warfare. Grant Building In the 1800s, the Shoshones and other tribes faced a slew of hardships and troubles as the U.S. government wanted to rid the country of what officials called the Indian problem. Settlers moving west and Mormon farmers invaded Shoshone land, and miners caused skirmishes as they passed through on their way West to find gold. Bear River Massacre On 29 January 1863 Colonel Patrick Edward Connor and about 200 California Volunteers attacked a Northwestern Shoshoni winter village located at the confluence of Beaver Creek and Bear River, twelve miles west and north of the village of Franklin in Cache Valley and just a short distance north of the present Utah-Idaho . . [27][28] As a direct result of this attack, the Army established a military fort near the present location of Boise, Idaho, along the migrant trail. Some 150 Shoshones survived, according to tribal historians. [5] Historian Delights in Debunking Myths of Old West, San Francisco Chronicle, February 8, 1997. In the early dawn hours, screams, gun smoke, and the feverish sounds of a . Monographs in Idaho Archaeology and Ethnology No. He was promoted to corporal on March 1, 1862, and to sergeant five months later. The fall of George Armstrong Custer and his 7th Cavalry to the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho, was depicted as a romantic tragedy in 19th-century art like Edgar Samuel Paxson's " Custer's. By 1840, the family had located in Upson County, Georgia. He needs your help to raise $5 million to make it happen. Bear Hunter and the other Shoshone chiefs did, however, make some defensive arrangements around their encampment, in addition to simply selecting a generally defensible position in the first place. Jeter Downs needs to play to develop. Provo, UT 84602 Benjamin Madley is the first historian to uncover the full extent of the slaughter, the involvement . Hi ghway i ^ -J- on 91 BS f not for publication Vicinity Rani da (^hiflrl state code TD county Franklin code 041 ZIP OOde 83237 3, Classification Ownership of Property ^private K_ public-local In early autumn, they went to Salmon, Idaho, to fish. According to Irvine, he obtained the four pages from the estate of Richard Harville, a prominent Californian and a descendant of Joseph Russ, an early 1850s overland pioneer to Humboldt County who became fabulously wealthy as a landowner and rancher. At that time, the Cache Valley was the traditional hunting ground for the Northwestern Shoshone.Here, the tribe gathered grain and grass seeds, as well as fished for trout and . They answered 'maybe the Toquashes will be killed too," but not waiting for the third horse to be loaded, they quickly jumped upon their horses and led the three horses away, disappearing in the distance. . Shoshone historians said Timbimboo later told of how the soldier raised his gun and lowered it twice, looking into his eyes. Connor set forth from Fort Douglas with nearly three hundred men, mostly cavalry, late in January 1863. The Bear River Massacre is a great first step in that direction that will hopefully open the door to more radical and diverse perspectives within the Native community. [70], Based on a variety of sources, Brigham D. Madsen estimates about 250 were killed in the definitive history of the massacre. Add an RSC shortcut to this device's Homescreen, In the menu, scroll past any icons and tap. Madsens study is the best account of the expedition and of the circumstances surrounding it. Then he put it down and walked away. Enter Mae Timbimboo Parry (1919-2007), grandmother of Darren Parry, who was the Northwest Band of the Shoshone's matriarch, record keeper and historian. [24], During the summer of 1859, a settler company of about 19 people from Michigan was traveling on the Oregon Trail near Fort Hall when they were attacked at night by people they assumed were local Shoshone. Mustering three hundred warriors by Connors [p. 301] estimate, the camp lay in a dry ravine about forty feet wide and was shielded by twelve-foot embankments in which the Indians had cut firing steps. Robert Thornley, an English immigrant and first resident of Summit Creek, defended the young Indian and testified for him. [citation needed], Col. Connor met up with Hoyt that evening as well, with orders to begin moving at about 1:00am the next morning for a surprise attack, but an attempt to get a local settler to act as a scout for the immediate area led the actual advance to wait until 3:00am. Willow branches had been woven into makeshift screens, hiding the position and numbers of Shoshone. His penmanship is quite legible though flavored with misspellings. Author Darren Parry of the Shoshone Tribe describes how the Daughter of Utah . The Bear River Massacre was seriously bloody, and without equal in American history. He and McGarry's men followed the Shoshone as they retreated to nearby Providence Canyon. Yet Bear River is generally ignored. Jonathan Deiss, a military historian based in Washington, compared the slaying of Native Americans in the 1800s to mass shootings in the 21st century. [38], On December 4, 1862, Connor sent McGarry on another expedition to Cache Valley to recover some stolen livestock from Shoshone. . Col. Connor agreed and sent a detachment of cavalry under the command of Major Edward McGarry to Cache Valley to rendezvous with Van Ornum near the town of Providence, Utah. [49] They left on January 22, 1863. to chastise them if possible. He told U.S. marshal Isaac L. Gibbs that Gibbs could accompany the troops with his federal warrants if he wanted, but it [p. 302] was not intended to have any prisoners.[3] Howeverand this is another controversythere have been many who have questioned whether Connors soldiers actually tangled with the guilty Indians. Mae was born to Moroni Timbimboo and Amy Hewchoo Timbimboo on May 15, 1919 in Washakie, Utah. 'The English' takes place in the year 1890, which witnessed another horrific massacre called the Wounded Knee Massacre. Although the United States was officially neutral, Americans like Stephen F. Austin and Sam Houston led a rebellion against Mexican rule,. The survivors reported that the attacking warriors took four Van Ornum children captive. "[citation needed] The young Indian man was the son of the local Shoshone chief. They gathered grain and grass seeds there, as well as fished for trout and hunted small game such as ground squirrel and woodchuck; and large game including bison, deer, and elk. But Yeager raised his head and found himself looking into the barrel of a soldiers gun. Darren Perry discusses the historical and social events surrounding the Bear River Massacre in Northern Utah. Other accounts tell of soldiers ransacking the Indian stores for food and souvenirs and killing and raping women. After the massacre, Conner, the colonel who led the attack, told of the bodies on the field in a report he sent to the then-U.S. War Department. In the Ruby Valley, they established Fort Ruby and then headed for Salt Lake City. See Brigham D. Madsen, The Shoshoni Frontier and the Bear River Massacre (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1985), 19293. [4] In the past, the belief was that the warriors had been cut off from their herd of ponies. He sent the historian a photocopy and so opened a sporadic correspondence and telephone dialogue that would continue over the span of some eighteen months. The only obstacle was in determining a fair exchange for the four-page manuscript. The toll would almost certainly have Rebellion, 1861 . Date: January 25, 2021 Author: Rick B 4 Comments. Its our place where our old people died, said Rios Pacheco, a tribal elder, said speaking in Shoshone in a video produced about the slaying. As early as 1859, Jacob Forney, the Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Territory of Utah, recognized the impact of migrants, writing, "The Indianshave become impoverished by the introduction of a white population". [6] When Irvine suggested a trade for Northwest documents or photos, Madsen contacted Gregory C. Thompson of the University of Utahs Marriott Library Special Collections. The Bear River Massacre On the morning of Jan. 29, 1863, Chief Sagwitch emerged into the sub-zero temperatures and noticed a strange fog gathering on the bluff above the river near present-day Preston, Idaho. David H. Burr, Surveyor General of the Territory of Utah, reported in 1856 that the local Shoshone Indians complained that the Mormons used so much of the Cache Valley that the once abundant game no longer appeared. The fight lasted four hours and appeared more like a frollick than a fight the wounded cracking jokes with the frozen some frozen so bad that they could not load their guns used them as clubs No distinction was made betwen Officers and Privates each fought where he thought he was most needed. [31], Together with about 20 of his people, Chief Bear Hunter was taken prisoner and transported to the soldiers' camp near Providence. According to a 2011 book by the historian Peter Turbet, one of the sources cited by the University . Courtesy of History Colorado H.6130.37. These incidents were related to broad struggles between indigenous peoples and European-American settlers over almost the entire United States west of the Mississippi River. Their descendants became largely integrated into mainstream LDS society. A Native American tribe once called D.C. home. [62] After about two hours, the Shoshone had run out of ammunition. [25] According to the Deseret News of September 21, 1859, a detachment of Lieutenant Livingston's dragoons found five bodies at the scene of the massacre were mangled. A day later, a group of White men headed to Salt Lake City got lost and were allegedly robbed by Indians. The Indians were soon routted from the head of the ravine and apparently antisipated a general stampede but were frustrated in thair attempt Maj McGeary sent a detachment of mounted cavelry down the River and cut of their retreat in that direction Seing that death was their doom they made a desparate stand in the lower end of the Ravine where it appeared like rushing on to death to apprach them But the victory was not yet won. See Shoshoni Body counts vary widely in these histories, but typi- Frontier, 8, 20-24. . historic name Bear River Massacre other names/site number Massacre at Boa Osoi. Darren Parry is the Chairman of the Northweste. This was the worst slaughter of Native Americans in U.S. history. This was the largest number of victims in any Indian massacre . [8] While the fight itself has been occasionally treated in books and periodicals, Sergeant Beachs narrative and map are singularly important for what they add to the known record. [44], In many ways, the soldiers stationed at Fort Douglas were spoiling for a fight. [9], Brigham Young made the policy that Mormon settlers should establish friendly relations with the surrounding American Indian tribes. Soldiers got Medals of Honor for massacring Native Americans. Connor also wanted to keep the word of his expedition secret, making a surprise attack upon the Shoshone when he arrived. The attention of most of the nation's population was focused on the Civil War in the eastern states. The war were all the Native Americans were involved but the Utes were the main group and their war leader was the leader of the war. He returned home to Georgia after the war, but finding the area economically devastated, he soon headed back west. [19], Col. Patrick Edward Connor[20] was put in command of the 3rd California Volunteer Infantry Regiment and ordered to move his men to Utah, to protect the Overland Mail Route and keep peace in the region. Due to such reports, Connor was ready to mount an expedition against the Shoshone. Capt. Daughters of Utah Pioneers erected this first monument to what was known as the Bear River Battle. Chief Sagwitch gathered survivors to keep his community alive. [41], The surviving miners reached Salt Lake City. In the early morning cold of January 29, 1863, between 270 and 400 Shoshone men, women, and children were killed by the U.S. Army near present-day Preston, Idaho. Native Americans fight for items looted from bodies at Wounded Knee. After the Civil War started in 1861, President Abraham Lincoln sent regiments from the 3rd Regiment California Volunteer Infantry in the Union Army who were stationed at Fort Douglas near Salt Lake City to help protect the mail routes and telegraph lines that ran through the Cache Valley area. Patrick Edward Connor from Co Kerry, a Union general during the civil war, played a central role in the assault on the Native American community. In addition to discipline problems among the soldiers, there was a minor "mutiny" among the soldiers where a joint petition by most of the California Volunteers requested to withhold over $30,000 from their paychecks for the sole purpose of instead paying for naval passage to the eastern states, and to "serve their country in shooting traitors instead of eating rations and freezing to death around sage brush fires". The report is currant that their was three hundred of the Volunteers engaged That is in correct one fourth of the Cavelry present had to hold Horses part of the Infantry were on guard with the waggons While others were left behind some sick with frozen hands and feet. Northwestern Shoshone spiritual leader, Rios Pachecos, shares Shoshone history at the current Bear River Massacre interpretive site. Battle of Bear River 2, Location street & number city, town n,,c Prr > . So it was that in deep snow and bitter cold. Wikipedia. Body counts vary widely in these histories, but typical numbers of Indian fatalities listed in traditional sources are Sand Creek, 150; Washita, 103; Marias River, 173; Camp Grant, 100128; and Wounded Knee, 150200. Local news, weather, sports, events, restaurants and more. [62] Bear Hunter was killed, with some later reporting that he had been among those casting bullets; Madsen described the possibility as "doubtful". Later information reveals that Pugweenee is the Shoshone word for "fish" and so the man may have been saying, "Look at my fish," or "I was just fishing. In September 2014 I visited the Bear River Massacre Site in the remote and hilly region of South Western Idaho. But many stayed with Shoshone Chief Sagwitch. He went to the ravine and escaped into the Bear River near a hot spring, where he floated under some brush until nightfall. William Beach retired in Seattle, where he died on September 30, 1904. He noted that he left a small quantity of wheat for the sustenance of 160 captive squaws and children whom I left in the field.. The manuscript has an interesting, if not sketchy, pedigree. [58], At the same time the arrest warrant was issued by Justice Kinney, Chief Sagwitch (named in the warrant) was in Salt Lake City trying to negotiate peace on behalf of the Northwestern Shoshone. We have that information from a participant, Sergeant William L. Beach of Company K, 2nd Cavalry Regiment, California Volunteers, who wrote an account and sketched a map just sixteen days after the engagement, while he was recuperating from the effects of frozen feet. [37] The Shoshone protested, claiming that the boy was the son of a French fur trapper and the sister of Shoshone chief Washakie. Most of the stories told about the Bear River Massacre exclude Shoshone voices, said Darren Parry at a U lecture in the days leading up to the event's 160th anniversary.
Miniature Australian Shepherd Puppies For Sale In California,
Is Chris Caffery Married,
Gayfryd Mcnabb Maclean Johnson Steinberg,
Vito Rizzuto Daughter,
Nt Demerit Points Check,
Articles W