1. An experiment in which two congressional candidates' credentials were presented to a sample of respondents found that Republican respondents were least likely to say they would vote for a b. women in traditionally male jobs are less likely to be promoted to high managerial or administrative positions. c. lower unemployment. 40% Peers serve as a support system for children who wish to act outside of their assigned gender roles. Structural-functionalists argue that, in preindustrial societies, a. expressive differences in women's and men's levels of education, skills, training, and work experience. d. with high concentrations of females, low pay, and low prestige. One of the ways that medical office specialists can demonstrate ethical behavior is to _____. b. day care facilities. The National Organization for Women is the largest _________ organization in the United States. Generally, the outer ring contains elements that may change relatively often, while the elements in the inner circle are often considered more permanent. ________ prohibits sex discrimination in education programs and activities that receive federal financial assistance. b. preventable complications during pregnancy and childbirth b. gaining the right to vote. (Close-captioning available on Ted.com.). In what ways might the film and characters challenge racist and negative stereotypes? a. number of female-headed households. a. the glass ceiling effect. 1920 1. b. Check out this video of Kimberl Crenshaw explaining the premise of intersectionality: Video \(\PageIndex{4}\): Professor Kimberl Crenshaw Defines the Urgency of Intersectionality. Blanca works in a personnel department. A further example of racialization is the concept of stereotype threat, explained by Claude Steele (2010), when stereotyped individuals, for example, African-American students, are aware of negative stereotypes about their cognitive abilities, tend to experience added pressure to fend off a judgment about their group, and about themselves as members of that group (p. 54). 1. The mythopoetic men's movement Another way to apply the functionalist perspective to racism is to discuss the way racism can contribute positively to the functioning of society by strengthening bonds between in-groups members through the ostracism of out-group members. are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written National Order for Women (NOW) b. intelligent. "The system applauds affording equality of opportunity but resists programs that assure equality of results" (Delgado & Stefancic, 2001, p. 23). In her split labor market theory, conflict theorist Edna Bonacich (1972) proposed that ethnic antagonism often has economic underpinnings because the capitalist owners of the means of production would prefer to pay workers from a particular ethnic group lower wages than workers from a dominant ethnic group. then you must include on every digital page view the following attribution: Use the information below to generate a citation. 1999-2023, Rice University. 1. d. double jeopardy. a. exposure to pollutants through cooking b. little job security. a. pinkcollar jobs a. objectification of women but not men. For example, Ibram X. Kendi (2020) writes of an opportunity gap that exists in education whereas predominantly white instituitons frame this as an achievement gap; where the former places the problem with society, the latter frames the problem as people of color themselves. The __________ refers to society's tendency to discourage males from expressing emotion, weakness, or vulnerability, or asking for help. The idea that gender inequality comes from the division of labor fits with which Sociological theory? Another way to apply the interactionist perspective is to look at how people define their race(s) and the race of others. Currently, choice of college major can account for about ____ percent of the gender wage gap. c. Women's socialization better qualifies them to understand, teach, nurse, and physically care for children. c. because women are more likely to be at home, they have more time to perform domestic chores. Liberal feminism is most closely associated with which of the following sociological perspectives? Race prejudice as a sense of group position. Interactionists see race and ethnicity as important sources of individual identity and social symbolism. Practices and policies may lead to dysfunction. If we pay attention to the multiplicity of social life, perhaps our institutions and arrangements will better address the problems that plague us (Delgado & Stefancic, 2001, p. 56). racism is ordinary, not aberrational (p. 7) b. Worldwide, women represent percent of representatives to legislative bodies. d. all of these. 1. Doing gender is the notion that masculinity and feminity are performed gender identities. However, the policy led to a disproportionate stopping and detention of Black and Latinx men and ultimately deemed as unconstitutional by the courts. d. jobs are less dangerous. 1. Cultural Functionalism emphasizes that all the elements of society have functions that promote solidarity and maintain order and stability in society. ___________ refers to the ways in which the norms, values, beliefs, and symbols of a society perpetuate the subordination of an individual or group on the basis of sex. 2 These interactions contribute to an abstract picture of the subordinate group that allows the dominant group to support its view of the subordinate group, and thus maintains the status quo. (Santiago Canyon College). These interactions contribute to an abstract picture of the subordinate group that allows the dominant group to support its view of the subordinate group, and thus maintains the status quo. Social interaction includes all language, including body language and mannerisms. 11.3C: The Interactionist Perspective is shared under a CC BY-SA license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts. 1. b. Consider the subset of identity elements represented here. The way inequalities contribute to social differences and perpetuates racial and ethnic disparities in power. The United States ranked, 1. A study reported in your text examined differences between the favorite toys of 3-5 year old boys and girls found that girl toys were more likely to b. mother with young children. b. Which of the following cultures DOES NOT have a socially acceptable position for third genders? For symbolic interactionists, race and ethnicity provide strong symbols as sources of identity. What is the term for jobs that offer few benefits, often have low prestige, and are disproportionately held by the 10-year percent return? d. Return on equity Income tax rate. b. mommy choices theory. a. Though actively involved in the social construction of race, society ignores or is not taught that racial categories are subjective, not fixed, and not based on facts, as explained in Chapter 1.2. 1. . d. women choose their careers primarily according to their perceptions of their own individual abilities. d. men gained control of the modes of production in agricultural and industrial societies. This is a cultural belief system in which men are expected to desire and seek sex, but women are expected to be sexual only within committed, romantic relationships. c. cultural sexism. b. c. gaining access to birth control and abortion. Jeff says that women who get drunk in bars and go home with strangers are just "asking" to be raped. are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written c. higher pay for female politicians a. religion c. employers channeling men and women upon their career entry into gender-specific jobs. d. 71, 1. b. traditional conceptions of gender. desegregation of the transportation industry in 1056) have served the economic interests of the elite as well as the psychological interests of working class. c. cognitive That we interpret and develop our sexualities based on social-cultural expectations, values, and attitudes. This concept, sometimes, can be problematic. d. a female perceived to be dishonoring her family. 1. 1865 We recommend using a 1940s a. c. a female perceived to be dishonoring her religion. a. Because he was a man entering the traditionally female field of elementary school teaching, Edward was promoted to school principal over his female counterparts who had more experience. b. quotas b. women equally shared responsibility with the men for providing food, clothing, and shelter for their families. c. women and girls were significantly underrepresented with twice as many male title and main characters. d. industrial. 1. b. c. Taxable income Income tax rate. A study of 200 "topselling" children's picture books found d. All of these. The split labor market benefits the capitalist class because it lowers production costs (therefore increasing profit margins) and also has the added benefit of maintaining a divided (and therefore unorganized) labor force. This theory is concerned with how cultural expectations about sexuality and other issues become official sanctions, rules, and laws. Reasons for STEM gender disparity include Feminism is the belief that Misogyny is: A certain kind if spa treatment One's biological sex How we know our gender roles b. nurturant c. die about two years earlier than women. a. d. gender deviance hypothesis, 1. STEM. b. strives to make men more accountable for violence. 1. b. unfair treatment of employees on the basis of their sex b. refusal to ask for help Intersectional theory reminds us to consider how race, gender, and social class not only impact our social structures and our social interactions but are also engrained within our social institutions. Except where otherwise noted, textbooks on this site Females are more biologically equipped for household labor and childcare. a. feminization of poverty. Feminists argue that conceptions of gender are 6. unique voices from people of color. Symbolic interactionist perspectives on sex work and prostitution, Enable us to consider the individual perspectives of those who participate most directly in the industry. 4. racialization b. work that does not require much cognitive ability. white over color ascendancy serves important purposes, psychic and material (p. 7) 1. d. women are more likely than men to be promoted in traditionally female jobs. In simple terms, people in society understand their social worlds through communication the exchange of meaning through language and symbols. d. individual sexism. Structural sexism b. gender role ideology. 1. This is any literary or artistic material meant to cause sexual feelings. By the end of this section, you should be able to: We can examine race and ethnicity through three major sociological perspectives: functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. For example, Vivien Thomas (19101985), the Black surgical technician who helped develop the groundbreaking surgical technique that saves the lives of blue babies was classified as a janitor for many years, and paid as such, despite the fact that he was conducting complicated surgical experiments. d. 70. a. women and men should have equal rights and responsibilities. Occupational sex segregation continues for all of the following reasons EXCEPT b. If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a print format, Consider how much money, time, and effort went toward maintaining separate and unequal educational systems prior to the civil rights movement. 1. b. human capital 1999-2023, Rice University. Legal. 45 percent c. 1965 a. education. d. Individual sexism. b. France. The rebirth of feminism in the 1960s was due to all of the following EXCEPT a. in the entertainment industry. The manufacturing costs of Carrefour Enterprises for the first three months of the year are provided below. Imagine, for example, that you walk into a bank, hoping to get a small loan for school, a home, or a small business venture. a. the motherhood penalty Multiple layers of disadvantage intersect to create the way we experience race. Consider the way slave owners justified slavery in the antebellum South, by suggesting Black people were fundamentally inferior to white and preferred slavery to freedom. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.org. d. is concerned with the legal bias against men in child custody decisions. The theory of doing gender is most closely associated with which of the following sociological perspectives? b. gendered unemployment. Student social class and teachers' expectations: The self-fulfilling prophecy of ghetto education. As discussed in Chapter 1.5, Black feminist sociologist Patricia Hill Collins (1990) developed intersection theory, which suggests we cannot separate the effects of race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and other attributes. How does each contribute to who you are, and how would possible change alter your self-defined identity? Our identities are formed by dozens of factors, sometimes represented in intersection wheels. 1. The platform from the Beijing conference on women identified which of the following as a critical area of concern? 1848 a. children require more time and attention than jobs outside the home. b. anti-poverty programs designed to address overall economic inequality will reduce the feminization of poverty. d. gender roles were reversed, with women providing food and shelter and men caring for the children. Traditional male gender socialization is linked to higher rates of 1._____________ refers to the blending of traditionally defined masculine and feminine characteristics. The "glass escalator effect" refers to the process by which We grow up surrounded by images of stereotypes and casual expressions of racism and prejudice. 45 percent a. prohibit an employer from requiring sexual favors in exchange for a promotion, salary increase, or any other employee benefit. What percent of the religious clergy in the United States are male? b. overt c. Cultural sexism c. 65% According to symbolic interactionists, gender assignment begins a. at birth. c. childcare Consider how much money, time, and effort went toward maintaining separate and unequal educational systems prior to the Civil Rights Movement. Conflict theories are often applied to inequalities of gender, social class, education, race, and ethnicity. b. Except where otherwise noted, textbooks on this site A recent study of 1,000 adults found that two-thirds of the respondents thought that television advertisements pictured men as (There are certainly exceptions.) For example, social justice policies (e.g. c. determined by the needs of society. 1790 The glass ceiling refers to the lack of women in higher education. In the view of functionalism, racial and ethnic inequalities must have served an important function in order to exist as long as they have. 1. 5. intersectionality c. that are easy and that don't involve getting dirty. Collins & Bilge (2020) combine the critical inquiry into inequalities and stratification with critical praxis to advance social justice. Consider the casually racist imagery on grocery store shelves or the stereotypes that fill popular movies and advertisements. Centering race in the examination of social phenomena and inequality. In the late nineteenth century, the rising power of Black Americans after the Civil War resulted in draconian Jim Crow laws that severely limited Black political and social power. c. portrayal of young girls as sweet and innocent. To restore the societys pre-disturbed state or to seek a new equilibrium, the police department and various parts of the system require changes and compensatory adjustments. c. Symbolic interactionists Christine Williams (1992) found that males encounter a _______ _____________, or invisible pressure to move up in their profession. In the 115th Congress of the United States, what percentage of the elected officials were women? c. protect only women. a. women make up the majority of minimum wage workers. One conversational partner can conform to the expectations of the other, he or she can ignore certain incidents, or he or she can solve apparent problems. d. passage of the Civil Rights Amendment. d. sex-segregated economy. are licensed under a, Theoretical Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity, High, Low, Pop, Sub, Counter-culture and Cultural Change, Theoretical Perspectives on Deviance and Crime, Global Implications of Media and Technology, Theoretical Perspectives on Media and Technology, Social Stratification in the United States, Social Stratification and Mobility in the United States, Theoretical Perspectives on Social Stratification, Theoretical Perspectives on Global Stratification, Theoretical Perspectives on Government and Power, Theoretical Perspectives on Health and Medicine, Population, Urbanization, and the Environment, Introduction to Social Movements and Social Change. In response to this phenomena, the sociologist Charles H. Cooleys developed the theory of the looking-glass self (1902). This situation illustrates c. gender socialization that discourages males from expressing emotion and asking for help. c. higher levels of poverty On the other hand, Rose (1951) suggested that dysfunctions associated with racism include the failure to take advantage of talent in the subjugated group, and that society must divert from other purposes the time and effort needed to maintain artificially constructed racial boundaries. a. a secret handshake that is known only among gay boys and men. Conflict theorists examine power disparities and struggles between various racial and ethnic groups. This page titled 2.2: Sociological Theoretical Perspectives is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Erika Gutierrez, Jant Hund, Shaheen Johnson, Carlos Ramos, Lisette Rodriguez, & Joy Tsuhako (ASCCC Open Educational Resources Initiative (OERI)) . b. pastoral Which of the following constitute employment discrimination against women? Which event resulted in a large number of women entering the workforce? 1. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Symbolic Interactionism Theory, Overarching theme for Symbolic Interactionism Theory, Terms and Concepts for Symbolic Interactionism Theory and more. 1. Famed interactionist Herbert Blumer (1958) suggested that racial prejudice is formed through interactions between members of the dominant group. b. c. women should be more like men. b. an invisible barrier that prevents women from moving into top corporate positions. d. women are significantly more likely to live in poverty than men. then you must include on every digital page view the following attribution: Use the information below to generate a citation. 1. b. When Travis and Carrie decide who will take on which household task they tend to rely on what they learned as children. b. the continuation of cultural beliefs. Problems arise when one or more racial or ethnic groups experience inequalities and discriminations. c. stress-related activities Teachers tend to attribute girls' success in math to their amount of effort. d. manual labor. Thus, intersectionality is not only a lens and theory but also a potential solution to social problems, reminding sociologists that the many status intersections of race, social class, gender, sexuality, age and/or disability should be considered when seeking remedies to social ills. If you meet with a female loan officer, on the other hand, you might make an emotional appeal, by stating your positive social intentions. c. 20 d. women need less free time than men. b. improvements in women's health but a decline in men's health. The United States has not ratified the CEDAW's bill of rights. d. balancing act. b. emotion work. d. Sex stereotypes are reinforced and created in schools. d. motor vehicle accidents. Women tend to be overly emotional, while men tend to be levelheaded. a. structural sexism b. Christian women's For example, the institutional research performed by Jant Hund (2019) found when African American and Latinx community college students were taught by same race-ethnic faculty, their course completion rates were higher; this research suggests that hiring more African American and Latinx faculty would serve to improve the course completion rates for African American and Latinx colleges students. d. Men are more intelligent than women, so the family benefits more if the man uses his intelligence to work outside of the home to provide economically for the family. b. science, technology, engineering, and math. 1. When individuals are racialized, they are stereotyped, minimized, often in the form or caricatures. example of This concept, of course, is problematic. b. women today have few barriers influencing their choice of career, so they are structuring their own choices. c. gender understanding 1. c. student activism. This book uses the d. human capital hypothesis. c. jobs are less physically demanding. 1. The concept of culture of prejudice recognizes that all people are subject to stereotypes that are ingrained in their culture.
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Danuta Salwa: malarstwo ludowe i abstrakcyjne, decoupage, szczęśliwe kropki, dekoracje
