our lady of guadalupe nasa

The image and its alleged apparition was investigated several times, including in the 2013 documentary The Blood & The Rose, directed by Tim Watkins. A pregnant woman, eyes downcast, hands clasped in prayer, clothed in a pink tunic robe covered by a, Granted a decree of canonical coronation for a namesake image enshrined in, Issued a decree confirming the patronage of Guadalupe for the Diocese of, Declared Our Lady of Guadalupe as the "Heavenly Patroness of the Philippines" on 16 July 1935, signed by, Rescinded the former decrees of July 1935 in replacement of. The researchers have also concluded that the temperature of the cloth, where the image can be observed, is permanently 36.6 degrees, such as a healthy humans body temperature. A few days before December 12, the Virgin of Guadalupes feast day, an emergency alert went out to cell phones across Mexico City, urging residents to stay inside. In a short time, Juan Diego became well-known. | David Ramos/CNA, Mexico law banning conversion therapy would unleash witch hunt, pro-family leader says, Full text of Bishop Paul Coakleys pastoral letter on gender dysphoria, transgender movement, Pope Francis accepts retiring Providence Bishop Thomas Tobins resignation, Spanish court to investigate artists for exhibiting blasphemous sculptures, Archbishop of military services condemns new rule allowing abortion at VA medical centers, Our Lady of Fatima statue to tour Newark Archdiocese throughout May. "The Virgin Mary in Art", St. John's Seminary, Camarillo, "El Cdice 1548: Crtica a una supuesta fuente Guadalupana del Siglo XVI", "Insigne y Nacional Baslica de Santa Mara de Guadalupe", Guadalupe; Informaciones jurdicas de 1666, "Vicara de Guadalupe. In the Indian language, "Guadalupe" means to "crush the head of the serpent." It properly refers to Genesis 3:15: Mary, the conqueror of evil. The image itself has many extraordinary attributes that border on the miraculous (and probably indicate it! PeggyNoonan.com. In August 2017, two links circulated on social media that suggested that NASA had announced it had deemed Mexico City's Our Lady of Guadalupe tilma (a cloak or mantle made of cactus fiber. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Advent is a time when we prepare ourselves to behold the Word of God incarnated as the Christ-Child. Our Lady of Guadalupe Please Register or Log in to view the hidden image! Printable Catholic Saints PDFs. Reyes, Raul A. Our Location. He recommended a series of more tests, but the only one allowed by the Church was a spectrophotometric examination done by Donald Lynn from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Your monthly donation will help our team continue reporting the truth, with fairness, integrity, and fidelity to Jesus Christ and his Church. Chvez said the idea that the image was painted by human hands is simply and plainly impossible, because among other important details, St. Juan Diego's tilma doesn't even have any brushstrokes on it.. Yolanda Lopez: Breaking Chicana Stereotypes., Imagen de la Virgen Maria, Madre de Dios de Guadalupe, Hispanic communities in the United States, "Radiomensaje de Su Santidad Po XII a los fieles mexicanos en el 50 aniversario de la coronacin cannica de la Virgen de Guadalupe", "Radiomensaje del Santo Padre Pablo VI con motivo de la entrega de la Rosa de Oro a la Baslica de Nuestra Seora de Guadalupe", "Pope Francis sends golden rose to Our Lady of Guadalupe", "La Virgen del Agostadero en Villa Garca, Zacatecas", Dysinger, Luke. No such thing. "Today I feel a little bad because we are not going to do the pilgrimage as it should be done, said Alvarado. Excavating priests rediscovered the hidden statue and built a small shrine around it which became the great Guadalupe monastery. This year, few Virgin figurines peeked out of backpacks. Graduated in Communication Sciences from the Universidad Privada del Norte in Trujillo, Peru. When the Blessed Virgin Mary appeared to Juan Diego and imprinted her image on his tilma, a cactus-fiber mantle, she did. The numbers of the visitors reach twenty millions throughout the year. NASA released no research in 1979 or at any other time about the artifact, and even Callahan's believer's lens of interpretation made no claims that the materials from which it was created were of no known origin. "At the end of the day, the Virgin of Guadalupe will protect us all, he says. The little-known history of the Florida panther. Since then, scientists have struggled to explain just how the image got there. This has been taken as further evidence of the tilma's miraculous nature. A Brief Story of Our Lady of Guadalupe On December 12, 1531, the Blessed Virgin Mary spoke to a humble native in his own Nahuatl tongue. Of these, the findings of at least three have been published. Espinosa, Gastn, and Mario T. Garca. Some people said that the Son by means of the brass crucifix protected the image of His Mother. "[101] She is described as a representation of the Immaculate Conception. Nuestra Seora de Guadalupe became a recognized symbol of Catholic Mexicans. Since 1531, the Roman Catholic Church has investigated these reports and offered approval to multiple sites where bishops believe miracles occurred, such as Our Lady of Guadalupe in Mexico. Please be respectful of copyright. The figure is dressed from neck to feet in a pink robe and cerulean mantle, one side folded within the arms, emblazoned with eight-pointed stars with two black tassels tied high around her waist, and wearing a neck brooch featuring a colonial-style cross. She will come through the communication technologies which, thank God, we now have.". Viewing the flowers and stars in the image of the Virgin as if they were musical notes, Ojeda outlined found a melody. Read More CLAIM The Image portrays scenes from the book of Revelation. But archaeology is confirming that Persia's engineering triumph was real. [128] Documentarians have been portraying the message of Our Lady of Guadalupe since the 1990s, in an attempt to bring the message of the apparition to the North American audience. Based on mathematical analysis, Mexican accountant Fernando Ojeda discovered music embedded in the image of Our Lady of Guadalupe, Chvez explained. Globalization and Chicana Politics of Representation., Cisneros, Sandra. It depends. The bishop said that he would believe that the Blessed Mother had appeared if he brought a sign. Does the Virgin of Guadalupe float on the mantilla? Getty Publications. It has been translated and adapted by CNA. One woman chanted, Viva la Virgin! Diego went to the bishop for the second time. Want to learn even more about the Virgin Mary and Our Lady of Guadalupe? Others dream of it, waiting and saving for the journey. What we can learn from Chernobyl's strays. Miguel Snchez, the author in 1648 of the first published account of the vision, identified Guadalupe as Revelation's Woman of the Apocalypse, and said: this New World has been won and conquered by the hand of the Virgin Mary [who had] prepared, disposed, and contrived her exquisite likeness in this, her Mexican land, which was conquered for such a glorious purpose, won that there should appear so Mexican an image.[59]. [31] This could refer to the Aztec painter Marcos Cipac de Aquino, who was active at that time. A woman reads from a prayer book at the barricades blocking the way to the basilica. "NASA Has Called The Image Of The Virgin Of Guadalupe Living." Portrait artist Glenn Taylor has pointed out that the part in the Virgins hair is off-center; that her eyes, including the irises, have outlines, as they often do in paintings, but not in nature, and that these outlines appear to have been done with a brush; and that much other evidence suggests the picture was probably copied by an inexpert artist from an expertly done original. NASA engineers have also stated the paint with which the image was made does not exist on Earth and has never existed written by the Tsn.ua which is a news site on the internet. 2008. The church allowed pilgrims to leave flowers and candles outside for basilica employees to bring in. Folklore Forum. An elder Mexican man makes his way to Mass in the early morning twilight of December 9, 1531. Engineer Jose Aste Tonsmann, has amplified an image of the pupils of the Blessed Virgin by 2500 times. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Read these are five quotes from the Lenten messages of St. John Paul that can help encourage and strengthen your personal Lenten journey. Matrix Drops cited a 20 December 2011 story for its claims that "NASA scientists" had determined the Virgen de Guadalupeto be alive. The Virgin bundled the flowers into Juan's cloak, known as a tilma. Pope Francis prays before Our Lady of Guadalupe. Does eating close to bedtime make you gain weight? For a brief description of the vault, see Callahan, Philip Serna. The image in the eyes of the Virgin follow the curvature of the cornea, in the way it occurs in a normal human eye, Juan Diego's Tilma: A Remarkable Source of Conversion, Displayed in the Cathedral atop Tepeyac Hill in Mexico, the image of Our Lady of Guadalupe on Juan Diegos tilma has been a remarkable source of conversion to Catholicism throughout Mexico, It has also been a source of strength and grace for the Catholic religion as a whole, particularly in times of persecution and secularism, The message of Our Lady to Juan Diegofilled with love and affection for the native people of the western hemispherehas inspired tens of thousands of people. She traveled from the central Mexican state of Tlaxcala to pay her respects to Mexicos patron saint. She's not called Coatlicue, which would be idolatry, she's called Tonantzin which isn't any kind of idolatry, but means 'our venerable mother,' and as the indigenous affectionately say, 'our dearest mother.' They rushed to shelter indoors, leaving many of the candles unlit. 2 hours of sleep? A brass standing crucifix, bent by the explosion, is now preserved at the shrine's museum and is believed to be miraculous by devotees. In 1737 she was proclaimed patroness of Mexico City, and in 1746 her patronage was accepted by all the territories of New Spain, which included part of present-day California as well as Mexico and regions as far south as Guatemala and El Salvador. However, Sahagn often used the same name in his sermons as late as the 1560s. Chvez also pointed to the miraculous nature of the image, asking how is it possible for it to have lasted despite the fact that acid was accidentally spilled on it in 1784? TRUTH This is true. 20 December 2011. Social media users shared links from RCatholics.com and Matrix Drops, the former dated 7 August 2017 and the latter with no easily discernible date. You can see by how many people are outside.. The real fact is that we dont have a natural explanation for this event., Dr. Orozco thanked the audience for listening to his presentation and closed by reassuring them that Our Lady visited Mexico 478 years ago, but she remains there to give Her Love, Her Mercy and Her Care to anyone who needs it, and to bring Her Son, Jesus Christ to everyone who receives Him.. To save chestnut trees, we may have to play God, Why you should add native plants to your garden, What you can do right now to advocate for the planet, Why poison ivy is an unlikely climate change winner, The gory history of Europes mummy-eating fad, This ordinary woman hid Anne Frankand kept her story alive, This Persian marvel was lost for millennia. Since, if it comes to light, the foundations of belief will be shaken fundamentally. I have covered Pope Francis' trips to Ecuador, Paraguay, Mexico, Colombia, Chile, and Peru. December 12th is the Feast Day of Our Lady of Guadalupe. There would be no attending mass, climbing the hill to pray at the apparition site, or watching groups of dancers from across Mexico perform pre-Hispanic dances in animal skin costumes. The Catholic News Agency (CNA) Staff are a team of journalists dedicated to reporting news concerning the Catholic Church around the world. NASA has publicized the results of the related examination of Our Lady of Guadalupe. In addition, new scholarship (e.g. 124129) of a feminist artist, Rosario "Chayo" de Len, who at first didn't allow images of La Virgen de Guadalupe in her home because she associated her with subservience and suffering, particularly by Mexican women. Juan Diegon gathered the roses into his simple rob and took them to Zumarraga bishop. Skeptoid. I was worried. Later that day, the third apparition appeared when Juan Diego returned to Tepeyac; encountering the same woman, he reported to her the Archbishop's request for a sign, which she consented to provide on the next day (December 11). Juan Diego experienced a vision of a young woman at a place called the Hill of Tepeyac, which later became part of Villa de Guadalupe, in a suburb of Mexico City. Emiliano Zapatas peasant rebels carried the banner of Our Lady when they entered Mexico City in 1914, and, during the civil war in Mexico in 192629, the banners of the rebels bore her image. "[90] The rays of light surrounding her are seen to also represent maguey spines. EZLN spokesperson Subcomandante Marcos wrote a humorous letter in 1995 describing the EZLN bickering over what to do with a Guadalupe statue they had received as a gift. When you subscribe to the CNA UPDATE, we'll send you a daily email with links to the news you need and, occasionally, breaking news. The writings of bishop Zumrraga, into whose hands Juan purportedly delivered the miraculous image, did not refer to him or the event. [citation needed], According to the document Informaciones Jurdicas de 1666, a Catholic feast day in name of Our Lady of Guadalupe was requested and approved, as well as the transfer of the date of the feast of the Virgin of Guadalupe from September 8 to December 12, the latest date on which the Virgin supposedly appeared to Juan Diego. [81] In addition, due to the growth of Hispanic communities in the United States, religious imagery of Our Lady of Guadalupe has started appearing in some Anglican, Lutheran, and Methodist churches. This story was originally published on CNA on Dec 12, 2019. [66], The nature of the fabric is discussed below. However, Chvez said that Our Lady of Guadalupe is not an adaptation of a goddess, and has nothing to do with idolatry. [The virus] does existbut we know that before God and before our prayers and supplications [to the virgin], she will protect us.". Samuel Alvarez Morales, 22, poses for a portrait on Calzada de Guadalupe avenue, the street leading up to the basilica. He is a peasant, a simple farmer and laborer, and he has no education. Ana Rita Ruedas Arana has been making the pilgrimage for 14 years. Guadalupe is not only a shrine visited by nearly thirty million people every year; it embodies the faith of the whole country in union with their 'Virgen Morena', the brown-skinned Virgin. This effect was completely unknown at the time of the images formation. It was the tilma which contained a code that was used to convert the nation. Discussion in 'The Cesspool' started by bearer_of_truth, Sep 16, 2016. In the 16th century the Franciscans were suspicious that the followers of Guadalupe showed, or was susceptible to, elements of syncretism, i.e. The original image of the Virgin herself, an artist. At the basilica, police patrols and metal barricades reinforced the directive. I covered the beatification ceremony of today's Saint Oscar Arnulfo Romero in San Salvador, El Salvador, in 2015. Still, in this strange year, some visitors felt compelled to make their first pilgrimage. They squeeze their eyes shut and mutter furtive prayers and gratitude for miracles granted in past years. By the 16th century, the Extremadura Guadalupe, a statue of the Virgin said to be carved by Luke the Evangelist, was already a national icon. In late November, the church announced it would shut the doors of the basilica in mid-December to dissuade pilgrims from making the journey. Ines Cruz Camilo held a large tapestry of the Virgin and wore a blue surgical mask. At Catholic News Agency, our team is committed to reporting the truth with courage, integrity, and fidelity to our faith. This story comes to us from a document believed by many to have been composed in the Nahuatl language by a native man who born in the midst of the Spanish conquest of his people and thereafter educated by the Franciscan friars Corts had brought to evangelize the natives: Don Antonio Valeriano. We won't rent or sell your information, and you can unsubscribe at any time. without protective glass. The day before the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe closed, a family sings Las Maanitas, a traditional Mexican birthday song, for the Virgin of Guadalupe. Archbishop Montfar opened an inquiry into the matter at which the Franciscans repeated their position that the image encouraged idolatry and superstition, and four witnesses testified to Bustamante's statement that the image was painted by an Indian, with one witness naming him "the Indian painter Marcos". Axolotls and capybaras are TikTok famousis that a problem? St Josemaria's first trip to Latin America was in May 1970. [22], A more complete early description of the apparition occurs in a 16-page manuscript called the Nican mopohua, which has been reliably dated in 1556 and was acquired by the New York Public Library in 1880. Hernn Corts, the Conquistador who overthrew the Aztec Empire in 1521, was a native of Extremadura, home to Our Lady of Guadalupe. In 1531, according to Catholic teaching, a peasant named Juan Diego was visited by an apparition of the Virgin Mary. "Indigenista Hermeneutics And The Historical Meaning Of Our Lady Of Guadalupe Of Mexico ." [125] [126] [122], One notable reference in literature to the image and its alleged predecessor, the Aztec Earth goddess Tonantzin, is in Sandra Cisneros' short story "Little Miracles, Kept Promises", from her collection Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories (1991). Four technical studies have been conducted so far. Rosales concluded that the image did not originate supernaturally but was instead the work of an artist who used the materials and methods of the sixteenth century (El Vaticano 2002). The Virgin told him to climb to the top of the hill and pick some flowers to present to the Archbishop. On December 12, 1531, an image of Our Lady of Guadalupe appeared on the tilma of native Aztec, Juan Diego during his Marian apparition. Besides any natural explanation, the acid has not destroyed the fabric of the cloth, indeed it has not even destroyed the colored parts of the image, Orozco said. The devotion continued to grow, especially after Our Lady of Guadalupe was credited with ending a deadly epidemic of hemorrhagic fever that ravaged Mexico City in 173637. Throughout the Mexican national history of the 19th and 20th centuries, the Guadalupan name and image have been unifying national symbols; the first President of Mexico (18241829) changed his name from Jos Miguel Ramn Adaucto Fernndez y Flix to Guadalupe Victoria in honor of the Virgin of Guadalupe. We provide news about the Church and the world, as seen through the teachings of the Catholic Church. He has made many TV appearances including: Larry King Live (debating Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow), the Today Show (debating on the topic of active euthanasia), The History Channel in God and The Universe, a multiple part PBS series Closer to the Truth, and the Hugh Hewitt Show. Spanish, English, Mayan, and Eastern European languages blend together into a faint roar of the devout. Sign up for monthly email updates of articles of faith and science from Magis Center! According to tradition, Mary appeared to Juan Diego, who was an Aztec convert to Christianity, on December 9 and again on December 12, 1531. [121] [122], In the United Farm Workers Union (UFW), its leader, Cesar Chavez, was a devout catholic who drew on his religious beliefs to demand for better wages and labor practices for farmersworkers in the U.S. [123] He incorporated his religious beliefs in the movement by holding masses in the picket lines and prayers before meetings, and leading a pilgrammge from Delano to Sacramento in 1966 during Lent. To approach a question 400 million years in the making, researchers turned to mudskippers, blinking fish that live partially out of water. Every year, millions of pilgrims descend on the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe in Mexico City. The records shows that a woman appeared in a gold fog and called upon the man to go to the bishop [] I want a church to be built on this place! The bishop did not believe Juan Diego and the meeting repeated itself the next day. de Guadalupe de Mxico, Servando Teresa De Mier 1797 p. 53. Over 10 years similar cloths become ruined by the local moist, salty air. "[132][133] Despite this, Chicanx artists such as Yolanda Lpez, Alma Lpez, Margarita 'Mita' Cuaron, Ester Hernndez, and Consuelo Jimenez Underwood, among others, have used Our Lady of Guadalupe's portrait to explore themes of repression, feminine strength, and to uplift women.[134][135]. The News Site is a credible link releasing the NASA findings word for word. The basilica is the most-visited Catholic shrine in the world, and the world's third most-visited sacred site.[1][2]. Veneration of Our Lady of Guadalupe has been particularly strong among women, especially in Mexico, and since at least the early 18th century the devotion was spread throughout the world by the Jesuits and other religious. had originally featured a 12-point crown on the Virgin's head, but this disappeared in 188788. Am I not here, who am your Mother? Dulce Vianney Raymundo Alvarado (left), 30, and Carmelita Mundia Molina, 37, traveled to Mexico City from the city of Puebla, about two hours away. At this point, there is a wide gap between the wall and the sanctuary facilitating closer viewing from moving walkways set on the floor beneath the main level of the basilica, carrying people a short distance in either direction. We take a look at the story behind the indigenous peasant who came across the Patron of the Americas, and how he fought for her message to be heard. In fact, Christopher Columbus was a devotee and even named the Caribbean island of Guadeloupe in her honor, after she purportedly saved his fleet from a storm at sea. Her Fiat (saying "yes" to God) at the Annunciation is the perfect example for mothers of unborn babies. Our Lady of Guadalupes role in Mexican history is not limited to religious matters; she has played an important role in Mexican nationalism and identity. The theory promoting the Spanish origin of the name says that: The venerated image of Our Lady of Guadalupe features a full-length representation of a young woman with delicate features and straight, dark hair in a centre parting. A volunteer disaster response group called Topos Adrenalina sanitizes the barricades that block the entrance to the basilica after pilgrims came to pray thereas close as they could get to the holy site. Depiction of the Virgin of Guadalupe Stirs Objections.. "[43] In the same way, in 1688, Jesuit Father Francisco de Florencia published La Estrella del Norte de Mxico, giving the history of the same apparitions. The key, everything turns on the bishop, he said, since although the Virgin of Guadalupe chose a layman, spoke to a layman, expressed her message to a layman, the shrine she asked for was not going to be done without the authority of the bishop., Chvez said it was instead the servants who treated Saint Juan Diego badly when he went to see Bishop Juan de Zumrraga, it was the servants who left him outside.. [19] Cordero claimed that the Virgin Mary had appeared to him and ordered him to ask priests to dig at the site of the apparition. It's imprinted on there, it's a print as such, he noted. The present image shows the 1791 nitric acid spill on the top right side, unaffecting the subject matter's aureola. Currently appearing weekly on EWTN in Father Spitzers Universe. A woman crawls toward the basilica to prove her devotion before the gates shut to prevent crowds from gathering. It bore the signatures of Antonio Valeriano and Bernardino de Sahagn, which are considered to verify its contents. [123] Similarly to in Mexicos Independence movement, the famous pilgrimage in 1966 that drew national attention to the cause was lead under a banner with the image of Our Lady of Guadalupe. A white mask covered his face, and he clutched a small figurine of the Virgin with golden sunbeams radiating from her. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). It is true, music comes forth from the image of the Virgin of Guadalupe, he affirmed. In the late 1570s, the Franciscan historian Bernardino de Sahagn denounced the cult at Tepeyac and the use of the name "Tonantzin" or to call her Our Lady in a personal digression in his General History of the Things of New Spain, also known as the "Florentine Codex": At this place [Tepeyac], [the Indians] had a temple dedicated to the mother of the gods, whom they called Tonantzin, which means Our Mother. The history of book bansand their changing targetsin the U.S. Should you get tested for a BRCA gene mutation? [18] It is one of the many dark- or black-skinned Madonnas in Spain and is revered in the Monastery of Santa Mara de Guadalupe, in the town of Guadalupe, from which numerous Spanish conquistadors stem. KARPATINFO.net. [48][49], These published accounts of the origin of the image already venerated in Tepeyac, then increased interest in the identity of Juan Diego, who was the original recipient of the prime vision. [21] Scholarly doubts have been cast on the authenticity of the document. But according to the historian David Brading, "the decision to remove rather than replace the crown was no doubt inspired by a desire to 'modernize' the image and reinforce its similarity to the nineteenth-century images of the Immaculate Conception which were exhibited at Lourdes and elsewhere What is rarely mentioned is that the frame which surrounded the canvas was adjusted to leave almost no space above the Virgin's head, thereby obscuring the effects of the erasure. [5], By Monday, December 11 (Julian calendar), however, Juan Diego's uncle, Juan Bernardino, became ill, which obligated Juan Diego to attend to him. [20] This document bears two pictorial representations of Juan Diego and the apparition, several inscriptions in Nahuatl referring to Juan Diego by his Aztec name, and the date of his death: 1548, as well as the year that the then named Virgin Mary appeared: 1531. [119] [120], In Mexicos Independence, the image of Our Lady of Guadalupe became associated with the movement after Father Miguel Hidalgo rallied and united insurgents under her banner. The traditional view has been questioned by various scholars and ecclesiastics, including the former abbot of the Basilica of Guadalupe. Since her skin color was darker, so the church proclaims the bronze faced Mary. The boulevard that leads to its front gates and expansive plaza would be teeming with visitors, some crawling on their knees, many carrying framed paintings or figurines of the Virgin Mary, all enraptured in one of the worlds largest religious pilgrimages. There is no sketch underneath it, no brush strokes, and no corrections. 1995 - 2023 by Snopes Media Group Inc. "Four Awesome Facts About Our Lady Of Guadalupe." [64] The image, currently set in a massive frame protected behind bullet-proof glass, hangs inclined at a slight angle on the wall of the basilica behind the altar. It was written sometime after 1556. "[59], In 1912, Emiliano Zapata's peasant army rose out of the south against the government of Francisco Madero. This material may not be reproduced without permission. According to the tale, the Virgin performed a miracle, imprinting her image on the fabric of Diegos cloak. Romn-Odio, Clara. [61] In his 1675 work Felicidad de Mexico, Becerra Tanco said that Juan Bernardino and Juan Diego would not have been able to understand the name Guadalupe because the "d" and "g" sounds do not exist in Nahuatl. Fr. Read More CLAIM Spanish missionaries wanted to remove the name Guadalupe from the title of Our Lady of Guadalupe. What is purported by some to be the earliest mention of the miraculous apparition of the Virgin is a page of parchment, the Codex Escalada from 1548, which was discovered in 1995 and, according to investigative analysis, dates from the sixteenth century. Sra. In the 20th and 21st centuries, five attributes in particular have drawn scientific attention, The material of the tilma has maintained its chemical and structural integrity for almost 500 years, Most replicas of tilmas with the same chemical and structural composition last only fifteen years before decomposition.

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