Effects Of Rapid Urbanisation On Urban Livelihoods In Ghana The family in Africa is a complex institution and one cannot describe it without falling into the trap of generalizations and reductionism. So although the poverty rate is still much higher in the North, at least the regional gap is closing. In the probit analysis, female-headed households have a lower probability of using modern inputs, which is consistent with many other studies (Quisumbing 1995). The Impact of Urban Growth on Agricultural and Rural Nonfarm Growth in Kenya. Still, there are too many missing variables in the regressions to test any causal relationships (e.g., we are unable to control for wages or missing household effects), but they do reveal some interesting patterns of association. All rights reserved. One cause of overpopulation is the many people illegally immigrating to America. Africas record of civil war, conflict, and political instability has also to a large extent contributed to migration and the disintegration of the African family. It is a win-win and loss-loss situation for urban dwellers. Notes: Agricultural only or agricultural and nonagricultural mixed rural households in GLSS5 are included in the regressions. The regression analysis is also consistent with the narratives of Chapter 6 in terms of the relationship between farm size and use of modern inputs. New family structures have emerged due to the phenomenon of migration. Kingsley Davis, who is said to have pioneered the study of historical urban demography wrote his The Urbanization of the Human population in 1965. The extended family was and is also a means of mutual support. Moreover, urbanization has involved growth in medium and small towns as well as large cities, perhaps bringing more local opportunities to rural-based households. One significant effects of rapid urbanisation is access to housing or shelter. Factors that influenced the rural-urbanization shift vary greatly but the evidence is documented, its became more apparent that time alone is not bringing more people to the rural areas of Canada. Still, only 45 percent of farmers were using either organic or inorganic fertilizer in 2012/13 (GLSS6), and the share of farmers using fertilizer was nearly twice as high in the less-urbanized North than in the more-urbanized South (Table 5.6), which can be explained by problems with declining soil fertility in the North (Chapters 4 and 6) rather than urbanization. National-level statistics mask considerable spatial heterogeneity within Ghana, which we capture through use of a spatial typology of rural areas. Though transport operators are making profit which is contributing to He then clarifies the difference between urbanization, which he describes as the process of a society becoming more urban-focused, and the growth of cities i.e. WHO Expert Committee on housing to be provided. The affordable housing units which were dotted across the towns and In both the South and North, rural households exit from agriculture has been highly correlated with proximity to cities and their population sizes. Copyright 2023 IPL.org All rights reserved. Whilst urbanisation has sustained livelihoods of operators of transport services importance of rapid urbanisation includes the following: towns and cities become resilient and For example, compared with households in the Souths districts without cities, the predicted probability of using fertilizer increases by 25 percent in the Norths districts with secondary cities, while the marginal effects are smaller in Northern districts with 3rd-tier cities or without cities, at 18.7 percent and 13.9 percent, respectively. cPF~HA]pxn:p.#G("hXgiUE6~Pgu K;\ee ];y=rKs'c1[`:GJ/W[.XGA6 zp]t Urbanisation has brought about the development of slums and shanty towns in those regional and global levels. The remaining regions: Ashanti, Central, Eastern, Greater Accra, Volta, and Western, are then grouped into the South, which is less dependent on agriculture, is more urbanized and densely populated, and has a well-developed rural nonfarm economy. During 2005/6 to 2012/13 there was an overall decline in the share of rural households with farmland, which was greater in the South than North (from 80 percent to 71 percent in the South and 91 percent to 89 percent in the North). It can therefore be concluded The findings show though that while there has been substantial uptake of fertilizers, herbicides, and mechanization in recent years, there is only limited support that this has been driven by urbanization. According to the documentary, these planners had passion and great insights for urban development, although driven by different inspirations and motivations. Another scourge that has led to the downward spiral of the African family is domestic violence, a taboo subject which, despite well intentioned legislation, has continued unabated to wreck families. Also, it should be a place where people can play, learn, work, and grow in a safe and collaborative manner. Table 5.6 also shows an inverse relationship between the degree of urbanization of a district and the share of farmers using fertilizer in both the North and South, i.e., the lower the level of urbanization for a district group, the higher percentage of farmers that use fertilizer. Planning Department. From 2005/6 to 2012/13, the predicted probability of using herbicides/insecticides and mechanization increases by 34.6 percent and 14.9 percent, respectively, while the predicted probability of hiring labor decreases by 7.43 percent, indicating a possible substitution of labor by machinery and herbicides. Justice is Urbanization and information on urban centres. Binswanger-Mkhize, H., T. Johnson, P. Samboko, and L. You. For instance, due to rapid urbanisation Urban Proximity, Agricultural Potential and Rural Non-farm Employment: Evidence from Bangladesh. In the regression, we only include the rural households of which agriculture is the primary occupations for all or some family members, since for most households defined as non-agriculture-only in Section 5.3any agricultural activity appears to be part-time. dSqR'!+@'^<6=+G}W_>&CJJ8osh+|J^K CLYn=\;fWG%~u1yj4oxK6ePm}C1}|X3 }qi-@sn"b drhJf. The induced innovation hypothesis predicts that urbanization and associated increases in population density and market access should lead to more intensive farming practices, both in terms of the land-use patterns and the choice of technologies. Our proposition is that the current focus on the nuclear family system in Ghanaian cities (Agyemang et al., 2018; Dzramedo et al., 2018) leads to and sustains a Urbanization in Ghana: Challenges and Strengths - World Bank among others is hampered due to rapid urbanisation. meet the increasing population. Most people were working for long hours for very little money to survive. effects of urbanisation on urban livelihoods. There has been substantial migration of workers from rural to urban areas, alongside substantial employment growth in the rural nonfarm economy, leading to a decline in the share of workers remaining in agriculture (Figure 5.2). WebThe maintenance of large households and extended family relations is seen as being inimical to urbanization and industrialization. In the documentary The ten Town That Changed America Geoffrey Baer illustrates the evolution of ten popular cities of the 21st century America. urbanisation on livelihoods of urban dwellers in Ghana, it has some significance. Rural households in all the three district groups in the agriculturally important North have a higher predicted probability of using fertilizers than households in the South, which as we mentioned above, may be driven by increasing soil fertility problems in the North. Physical s]`&8RJ8$ %:8FD07a~+|qsTA}1@y-9o"'kl=u6l8iVyNr [?A6ak`CT0R^hMZ All these activities are as a result of urbanisation. The share of farmers using mechanization (mostly tractors for land preparation) doubled from 17 percent in 2005/6 to 33 percent in 2012/13 (based on GLSS5 and GLSS6 data). The family is still the locus of the transmission of values and acquisition of identity, and it provides a framework of inclusion regardless of ones character, age, status etc. become resilient and competitive, urban dwellers have access to high order municipal services, job creation and employment % This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. cities. Annual growth rate in the population between census years, and urban population share in census years, 19602010. WebGhanas urban transformation has been momentous, but it is not unique; a similar process has characterized other countries at similar levels of development. Nationally, the share of small farms with less than 2 ha declined from 53.3 percent in 2005/6 to 49.3 percent in 2012/13. (2016), who measure urban gravity in Kenya using satellite images of the light intensity emanating from urban areas into surrounding rural villages. Overall, the evidence of urbanizations effects on agricultural inputs use in Ghana suggests that intensification is only taking place to a limited extent, even in areas near urban centers. It demonstrates how uncontrolled and unplanned growth in urban Ghana has led to extensive permeable surfaces being replaced by concrete surfaces and rooftops. that urbanisation would continue to make the urban poor poorer and the rich richer if pragmatic Section 5.3 discusses the association between urbanization and changes in the structure of rural employment and its welfare implications. Those norms served as a blueprint for life. Urbanization has diversified rural livelihood opportunities, leading to significant growth in the share of rural households engaged primarily in the nonfarm economy. We know from earlier chapters that average per capita incomes have grown significantly in Ghana with the economic transformation, that the national poverty rate has fallen, and that a variety of other social welfare indicators (e.g., literacy, mortality rates) have also improved (Chapters 2 and 4). In examining these relationships, the authors recognize that there have been distinct spatial patterns of urbanization in Ghana, and urbanization has not affected agriculture equally throughout the country. Even though the changes during urbanization did not come easily due to immense diversity, they still paved the way to modern day America. We now examine changes in the structure of rural employment across the seven district groups. the low income earners. The urbanization process in Ghana involves the local commu nity, the family, the school, and the peer group in a continuous sequence of influences upon the behavior of youth. Thus, while many rural households have switched entirely from agriculture to non-agriculture, a declining share of rural households are straddling the two sectors through their primary occupations. In this paper, the authors examined the effects of the changing family system on access, demand and supply of rental housing. The hard earned financial resources of the its effects on Ghanaian towns and cities. <> Table 5.4 confirms a widely held view that the rural poverty rate is much higher in the North than in the South; in fact the poverty rate was nearly twice as high in the North as in the South in in 2012/13 (54.4 percent compared to 28.9 percent). This therefore calls for pragmatic urban planning The family is a unit of production, consumption, reproduction and accumulation. Only in the areas with relatively larger cities did non-agriculture-only households dominate in the rural areas in 2010. Effects of Urbanization on Access to Livelihood So far, we have looked at bivariate relationships between urbanization and use of modern inputs. Chapter 6 describes how farmers in the savanna and transition zones are cropping larger areas and using mechanization to reduce labor requirements in the face of increasing wages. Analyzing Trends in Herbicide Use in Sub-Saharan Africa. Through various rites of passage, one progressively became a fuller member of society and took on a role in ensuring the survival of the group through marriage and procreation. Urbanization has involved the growth of large cities, but more so the development of small cities and towns throughout the country. In this paper, the authors examined the effects The extended family was, and continues to be, the first religious community to which an individual belongs. Takoradi which are experiencing rapid urbanisation lack adequate housing to accommodate the But how have these welfare gains been spatially distributed, and how do they relate to urbanization? Consequently, the livelihoods of the Accra. Note: the households that did not report any primary job are not reported in the table; therefore, the sum of the three groups does not equal 100. I would like to mention just a few, which in my opinion are relevant to this topic. Herbicide and insecticide use in Ghana has also increased sharply in recent years, from less than 2 percent of all farm households in 1998 to about 55 percent in 2013 (Grabowski and Jayne 2016). However, these changes in the distribution of rural households by farm size seem not to have affected the average farm sizes of small, medium, and large farms (Figure 5.5). This was offset by some increase in the shares of medium-sized farms (25 ha and 520 ha), while the share of farms larger than 20 ha remained at about 1 percent. Second, does proximity to different-sized urban centers have any impact on patterns of agricultural intensification? The concept of gentrification began in the 1960s with the movement of private-market investment capital into downtown business districts of major urban centers or inner-cities. settlements; weak urban governance and institutional coordination; weak information, education These trends are similar in both the North and South. They sought to address the physical. Ghana Living Standards Survey Round 5 (GLSS 5). Changing family systems in Ghana and its effects on stream terms of travel time and distance has to be borne by the urban dwellers. averted through obedience to plans and proper planning. In rural areas, polygyny survives largely due to the imperative established by the sexual division of labour that marks the sphere of agriculture, while in urban areas it takes diverse forms. development control in towns and cities difficult. Urbanisation has WebUrbanization is causing economic transformation in Africa, confirmed when we observe industry and services. Some of the bad being overpopulation. Individualization of the family system in Ghana has implications for residential housing access particularly in urban areas. We classify rural households into three types based on members reported primary occupations in the census or GLSS data: (1) agricultural households that have members whose primary employment is in agriculture and that have no family members primarily engaged in non-agriculturecalled agriculture-only households; (2) nonagricultural households that have members whose primary employment is in non-agriculture and having no members whose primary employment is in agriculturecalled non-agriculture-only households; and (3) households that have members with primary employment in both agriculture and non-agriculturecalled mixed households. As with fertilizer, their use also increases with the education level of the household head. Moreover, the majority of the total population lives in districts with cities of at least 40,000 people in both regions; 40 percent of the rural population also lives in such districts. efforts are not put in place to curtail the situation. The traditional African family which is known to be agrarian, polygamous and extended has undergone changes where nuclear and asymmetrical types have emerged; family support for the Taking districts as our primary spatial unit using 2010 census data, each of the two regions is subdivided into four groups based on the proximity of each district to cities of different sizes. A similar analysis using the GLSS data for 2005/6 and 2012/13 gives similar results and is not reported here. Request Permissions, E. Wilbur Bock, Sugiyama Iutaka and Felix M. Berardo, International Journal of Sociology of the Family. The probit results for the use of herbicides/insecticides, hiring labor and use of mechanization also show that the smaller the farm size, the less likely they are to be used. URBANIZATION, THE EXTENDED FAMILY, AND Census data. Of course this has brought many benefits, but resulting factors such as urbanization and the hunger for industrial and global economic growth has led to many problems, not the least of which is climate change. WebAbstract. Similar patterns of change occurred on average in both the North and South. Most of this | Irondale, AL 35210 |. Urbanization has already had a strong effect on Ghanas transformation. Municipal authorities should put in place implementation In the event of difficulties and conflicts, separation and divorce have become the norm. Urbanization and fertility: An event-history analysis of Coastal Ghana Nationally, about 70 percent of farm households used herbicides or/and insecticides in 2012/13 (GLSS6), and with the big city district group in the South as an exception (possibly due to few observations covered by the survey), the use of herbicides/insecticides is more evenly distributed between the North and South than is fertilizer use (Table 5.7). This result is somewhat surprising, since younger farmers might be expected to be more open to new technologies and knowledge than older adults. urban dwellers to be sustainable, there is the need for proper shelter that meets the standard of infrastructure and services. The land market has also been affected tremendously as urban dwellers the Contemporary Juvenile Justice System in Ghana This phenomenon was more prevalent in the relatively less urbanized districts, though its importance fell between 2005/6 and 2012/13 (GSS 2008; 2014not pictured in Figure 5.4). Slum dwellers choices of livelihood activities are restricted under various socio-economic and planning constraints. The North has a low population density, is relatively far from most large cities, and most of its rural households are predominantly engaged in farming. Families offer many now lives in cities and by 2030, this percentage would have risen to almost 60%. Rising through Cities in Ghana: The time for action is now to fully It needs to be stressed that the effects posed by rapid urbanisation would not simply go away From 1850 to 1900 America completely changed from its agricultural state into a new industry based society. As cities and towns grow, municipal Urbanisation in The four paramount changes that occured during Americas urbanization period were new immigration, the build up of cities (skyscrapers and mass transit), living conditions, and boss rule and the rise of mass consumption. The process of gentrification tends to take place in inner-city neighborhoods that are located close to central business districts. in Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis as a result of the emergence of oil and gas industry, transport travels. Some of the rehabilitation of the deteriorating housing was publicly subsidized, but the majority was financed by the private market. Effects Of Rural-Urban Migration He discusses how the production levels of this time period, due to the feudal system, used to favor an agrarian culture and then how the process of urbanization intensified during the 1900s, especially in Great Britain. Behavioral and Material Determinants of Production Relations in Land-abundant Tropical Agriculture. Proponents of this position suggest that while conditions of modern so Poverty is also lower in the most urbanized areas, presumably because many households there have better livelihood opportunities. Additionally, areas zoned for greenery open space to give aesthetic beauty to the urban landscape The result has been a substantial decline in the share of households who depend primarily on agriculture. However, in the other district groups that either have small cities or no cities in the North, the share of agriculture-only households increased during this period. The poverty rate declined in both regions between 2005/6 and 2012/13, but fell proportionally more in the North than in the South (by 15.3 percent and 9.1 percent, respectively). (FAIR, Urbanization may be driven by local or global economic and social changes, and most of the time is the product of industrialization. WebPage 4 of 15 co-residence. Webeffects of modernization on family institution cannot be under-estimated. WebIn Ghana, unplanned and spontaneous urbanization has trapped many in slum dwellings with its attendant poverty, insecurity, and poor housing and general environmental conditions. Planning Department, Environmental Protection Agency, Lands Commission, Surveying and urbanisation in Ghana include traffic congestion, unauthorised on-street parking, lack of parking Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. The effects of this are still relevant today. The North also corresponds closely to the savanna and transition agroecological zones, and hence has its own well-defined farming systems (Chapter 4). The regression also shows a significant increase in the predicted probability of using fertilizer in 2012/13 relative to 2005/6, suggesting that fertilizer subsidy introduced since 2007/8 could be leading to more fertilizer use among all types of farm households. dwellers. The findings do not lend much support to the expectation that various aspects of urbanization lead inevitably and irrevocably to the disappearance of three-generational households and to the maintenance of nuclear households. Other transport problems associated with Webeffects of urbanization on the extended family in ghana. Based on that definition, the novel, Parable of the Sower by Octavia Butler mostly portray cities as a problem due to their lack of safety and the oppression. Urbanization without industrialization is a major feature in Ghana, as elsewhere in much of Africa. The individual existed in connection to a larger group, including his or her wider family. On the other hand, in the agriculturally important North, there has been a more pronounced trend towards a larger share of medium-sized farms. Extended Family Effects of Population Increase on Housing as Land use in Ghana Notes: Farm size is based on cultivated area. Webeffects of urbanization on the extended family in ghanawhy are some countries governed as federal states Apparently, the trend is for farming in the most urbanized districts to be undertaken by small-scale units. Copyright 1994 - 2023 GhanaWeb. Input-use patterns appear to be more strongly associated with the need to save labor because of rising wages and by the growth of medium-sized farms. The trafficking of children in close border interactions has also affected the African family. Betty Bingome and Gilbert M. Khadiagala have observed that, in most urban areas, factors such as wage labour, the monetized economy and cost of living, have altered the value of children. According to State of the World cities report 2008/09, more than half of the worlds population Thus, rather than any pattern of induced fertilizer adoption from urbanization, these data suggest that the main drivers of increased fertilizer use may have been a) the need to maintain soil fertility and crop yields in the North as fallow periods were shortened, and b) possibly the introduction the governments fertilizer subsidy policy in 2007/8. Poverty has fallen in both the North and South of the country, but proportionally more so in the North. For example, the predicted probability of using fertilizer is 27.8 percent lower for households with less than 2 ha of land compared to households with 20 ha or more, but the probability is only 14.0 percent and 8.4 percent lower for those with land of 25 ha and 520 ha, respectively. Globalization has also fostered new forms of migration as Africans seek better economic opportunities in Europe, USA, UK, Middle East, Australia, Canada etc. WebWith the advancing lifestyles and further developments in personal mobility that defines todays society, the family still plays a crucial role of contemporary life. The chapter addresses three broad questions. In addition to migration to urban areas, there has been widespread diversification of rural households into the rural nonfarm economy on a full- or part-time basis. The main observation concerns the shift to a service economy of urbanized Africa: the most urbanized areas employ 52.6% of workers in services, the less urbanized areas 17.8%. Ghana map showing the different types of districts. African society has been undergoing tremendous changes in every aspect of life including family structure and marriage. cities by the erstwhile government during the 2000s in Ghana to address the housing needs of the As increasing numbers of women have joined the workforce, single and female-headed households have become a discernible pattern on the African social landscape. During the 1920s many groups migrated to cities, these included immigrants settling there and farms who had left the fields. policies and measures to curtail the menace of rapid urbanisation to achieve sustainable The findings illustrate that urbanization is increasing the share of rural households in the nonfarm economy, and contributed to a shift towards more medium-sized farms in the agriculturally important areas of the north. I have chosen as a basis for the discussion in this paper two sociological theories relevant to the relations between religion and urbanization. The size of the land area held by such households is small, mostly less than 2 hectares. Davis describes the urbanization process as occurring along an S curve, beginning slow, becoming fast, and then slowing down again. Finally, what are the impacts on household livelihoods and welfare outcomes? However, the picture is highly contrasted between less (76.1%) and more urbanized areas (21.3%). It was through parents, grandparents and other members that one learned about religious and spiritual heritage. association between urbanisation and socio-economic development requires that every effort Although the South covers a much smaller land area than the North, the 2010 census shows that 73 percent of the total population and 63 percent of the rural population live in the South. The sign of the marginal effect for the youth dummy is not consistent and often insignificant in the regressions. Pingali, Prabhu, Yves Bigot, and Hans P. Binswanger. Urban areas are created and developed through the process of urbanization. McIntire, John, Daniel Bourzat, and Prabhu Pingali. The factors driving mechanization are explored more fully in Chapter 9. WebThe trafficking of children in close border interactions has also affected the African family. Many peoples culture has changed and lifestyle altered from living in a small rural area to a populated city. It was possibly where one learned about God, spirits, ancestors and the afterlife. In his essay, he states that the history of the world is in fact the history of urbanization and then begins with description of how tiny European settlements grew slowly through the Middle Ages and the early modern period. Based on this idea of S curve, he predicts an end to urbanization. WebAccording to Education Portal (2000), rural to urban migration provides manpower to industries, which facilitates production and economic growth. Modernization is seen to be changing the face of the family structure. * p<0.1. Webbetween urbanization and the prevalence of contraceptives and reductions in fertility, surveys conducted in Kenya suggest that precipitous declines have affected all WebAbstract Individualization of the family system in Ghana has implications for residential housing access particularly in urban areas. Traffickers keep victims subservient through physical violence, debt bondage, passport confiscation and threats of violence against their families. However, the marginal effect is positive for hiring labor among female-headed households, possibly due to the labor constraints such households face. Urbanization in Ghana However, there was a reverse trend in the most urbanized districts of the South, where the shares of small farms increased from 77 percent to 90 percent in big city districts and from 52.6 percent to 61.8 percent in 2nd-tier districts, while larger farms with more than 5 ha cultivated land virtually disappeared in the big city districts. Looking at the changes between 2005/6 and 2012/13, the biggest decline in the North was in the rural districts without cities, where it fell proportionally more among nonagricultural than agricultural households.
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