Overall, Indigenous adults were 1.2 times as likely to be either overweight or obese as non-Indigenous adults (72% compared with 63%). In 201213, 44% of Indigenous Australians aged 15 and over reported being a current smoker42% smoked daily and 2% smoked weekly or less frequently. The data presented for high glucose levels on the rest of this page are from the 201718 NHS and prior versions. The browser you are using to browse this website is outdated and some features may not display properly or be accessible to you. no. Canberra: AIHW. To maintain the safety of survey respondents and ABS Interviewers, the survey was collected via online, self-completed forms. Results indicate that those using methamphetamine, particularly ice, are doing so with increased frequency. Canberra: AIHW. Rate ratio based on the estimates reported in the 2015 NPHDC and the 2013 NDSHS. White V & Williams T 2015. In Australia, changes in the use of methamphetamine have been one area of increasing concern among the community (seeBox 4.5.1). Drug statistics series no. 1]. However, recent users used cocaine less often in 2013 than in previous years, with a lower proportion using it every few months (from 26% to 18%) and a higher proportion using it once or twice a year from 61% to 71%. The ABS 201112 AHS collected measured data on IFG. 2010). In 201718, an estimated 23% of adults had measured high blood pressure but were not taking any blood pressure medication. ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics) 2015. Seattle: IHME. PHE 183. PHE 183. In 201314, about 1% of hospitalisations had a drug-related principal diagnosis; of those, 55% were for alcohol. More complex measures use information from all groups to measure the magnitude of socioeconomic inequalities in health (WHO 2013a). Between 2010 and 2013: Data from the Illicit Drug Reporting System (IDRS) indicates that this trend in increased frequency of crystal use has also been observed among the population of people who inject drugs, and it has continued past 2013. Health prevention and promotion, and timely and effective treatment and care, are also important contributors to good health. A data portal with dynamic and interactive data is also being developed. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2016 [cited 2023 May. The National Health Performance Framework also recognises the importance of social determinants to our health. High doses and frequent use of methamphetamine can cause amphetamine-induced psychosis (characterised by symptoms similar to paranoid schizophrenia and other psychoses); increased risk of suicide; violent behaviour; diminished effects over time (leading to users increasing their dose to achieve intoxication); and methamphetamine dependence (Campbell 2001). Historically, individual indicators such as education, occupation and income have been used to define socioeconomic position (Galobardes et al. Recent cannabis use was by far the most common illicit drug use reported by this group in 2013; however, since 2001, recent use of cannabis decreased (from 29% to 21%). The social determinants of health refer to the close relationship between health outcomes and the living and working conditions that define the social environment. AIHW 2014b. Characteristics and harms associated with injecting and smoking methamphetamine among methamphetamine treatment entrants. no. Based on self-reported data from the 202021 NHS, an estimated 28,100 adults (or 0.1%) reported that they had high glucose levels measured in their blood or urine (ABS 2022). Biomedical risk factors - Australian Institute of Health and Welfare This relationship is a key component of the overall socioeconomic 'gradient' in health status (the strong association between health outcomes and socioeconomic position), and is regularly observed across countries and within the population subgroups of a country (CSDH 2008). no. AIHW (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare) 2014a. The AATSIHS self-reported results (ABS 2014c) show that: This section summarises data on four biomedical factors that can pose direct and specific risks to health: high blood pressure, obesity, vitamin D deficiency and abnormal blood lipid levels (such as high cholesterol and triglycerides). This article describes the formation and development of Aboriginal Community-Controlled Health Services in Australia, with emphasis on the Redfern Aboriginal Medical Service in Sydney. Generally, every step up the socioeconomic ladder is accompanied by an increase in health. The increase from 2009 is primarily attributable to the growing amount of methamphetamine seized, which increased from 31 tonnes in 2009 to 80 tonnes in 2013. The consumption of alcohol is widespread within Australia and associated with many social and cultural activities. American Journal of Public Health 87(9):149198. Average weights increased by 4.4kg for both men and women. As there is currently a substantial community and policy interest in the use and effects of 'ice', (seeBox 4.5.1) the second part of this article focuses in more detail on methamphetamine and explores recent trends in availability, use and treatment, and highlights the current evidence about this drug. Previous studies have shown the importance of social determinants in understanding and addressing the health gap between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians and non-Indigenous Australians (Booth & Carroll 2008; DSI Consulting 2009; Marmot 2011; Zhao et al. ABS 2015. RACGP (The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners) (2018) Guidelines for preventive activities in general practice, 9th edn updated, RACGP, accessed 1 March 2022. The biomedical model has its advantages: It offers explanations of mental ill-health that many people who experience mental health problems find reassuring as it can be the first stage towards recovery. The United Kingdom and the WHO Regional Office for Europe have both conducted reviews of political action required to narrow health inequalities (Marmot 2010; WHO 2013b). Some health inequalities are attributable to external factors and to conditions that are outside the control of the individuals concerned. It looks at how our body works through a medical lens and has many different aspects such as genetics, nutrition, physical activity, mental health, and more. The foundations of adult health are laid in-utero and during the perinatal and early childhood periods (Lynch & Smith 2005). Differences in social determinants can also explain a large part of the differences in health status within the Indigenous population. Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Indigenous adults were nearly twice as likely to have abnormally high triglycerides compared with non-Indigenous adults (27% compared with 14% respectively, a rate ratio of 1.9). The biomedical model of health is the most popular and accepted way to look at wellness. Australian trends in ecstasy and related drug markets 2013. This chapter examines three key determinants of health: social determinants, biomedical risk factors and behavioural risk factors. Cat. In 201415, 93% of adults did not eat five serves of vegetables, and 50% did not eat two serves of fruit per day (ABS 2015). As with previous iterations of the NDSHS, the AIHW has established a Technical Advisory Group to provide advice on the survey design and content for the 2016 survey. It also funds most of the $5.5 billion spent on health research in Australia in 2016-17. More than half (55%) of Indigenous adults in remote areas spent more than 30 minutes in the previous day undertaking physical activity or walking 20% spent less than 30 minutes, 21% did no physical activity, while data were missing for 4% (ABS 2014b). Decomposing Indigenous life expectancy gap by risk factors: a life table analysis. Comparing the biomedical and social models of health The most recent campaign focused on crystal methamphetamine (Department of Health 2015). Old Public Health + Biomedical Model of Health + Australian Healthcare system. Heckman JJ & Mosso S 2014. The proportion of people choosing to abstain from drinking alcohol rose from 20% in 2010 to 22% in 2013. These agencies provide data to the Online Services Report collection. The prevalence of major behavioural and biomedical health risk factors is generally higher for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians than for other Australians. The national mass of seizures also increased over this period (from 671kg to 4,076kg). PER 72. The AIHW routinely uses available measures, such as the IRSD, to assess and report the health outcomes of socioeconomic groups, and it investigates, where possible, which factors contribute to observed inequalities. A person's health is also influenced by biomedical factors and health behaviours that are part of their individual lifestyle and genetic make-up. The solid facts, 2nd edition. Loxley W, Gilmore W, Catalano P & Chikritzhs T 2014. 24: Government drug policy expenditure in Australia2009/10. What is Health Promotion? A Definition | VicHealth Social exclusion can damage relationships, and increase the risk of disability, illness and social isolation. 58. Longitudinal research into factors associated with overweight and obesity, such as changing patterns of health, nutritional status, vulnerable populations and education could provide further public health benefits for Australians. See Burden of disease. ABS 2012. This was largely influenced by an increase in young people aged 1217 abstaining, from 64% in 2010 to 71% in 2013. Collins D & Lapsley H 2008. McKetin R, Ross J, Kelly E, Baker A, Lee N, Lubman DI et al. Cat. Indigenous adults in non-remote areas who were sufficiently active were less likely to be obese than those who were fully inactive (31% compared with 56%) (ABS 2014b). ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics) (2013) Australian Health Survey: users guide, 201113, ABS website, accessed 23 February 2022. Background document to WHOstrategy paper for Europe. Policies and strategies to promote social equity in health. Monograph series no. In 20092011, the female mortality rate was 518 deaths per 100,000 population in the lowest socioeconomic areas, compared with 503 in the second group, 472 in the third, 453 in the fourth, and 421 in the highest socioeconomic areaswith a 23% difference in mortality rates between the highest and lowest areas. Cardiovascular, diabetes and chronic kidney disease series no. CSDH (Commission on Social Determinants of Health) 2008. Measures put in place as part of government responses to COVID-19 (including lockdowns, quarantine requirements, and resource reallocations) may have affected the management of risk factors. Fewer people are being exposed to tobacco smoking, more people are delaying the uptake of smoking and smokers are smoking fewer cigarettes. Since almost ninety percent of the population use some form of primary health care service annually, a logical initial step in reducing the disparity in health status is to improve access to health care by specifying those primary . Health system overview - Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 4727.0.55.006. This tends to entrench differences in health and wellbeing across the population. See 'Chapter 6.16 Specialised alcohol and other drug treatment services' for more information. Measuring health inequalities. PM&C (Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet) 2015. 4364.0.55.001. The World Health Organization has a leading role in supporting countries to take action on thesocial determinants of healthto address health inequities. Capability 3 Reflection - Griffith University 4727.0.55.003. These organizations were established in the 1970s by Indigenous Australians who were excluded from and denied access to mainstream health services. In addition, there were consistent increases across a number of data sources between 2010 and 2013. In 2008, the WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health made recommendations on what is required to close the health gap through action on social determinants (CSDH 2008). In: Oxford textbook of global public health. ABS 2014a. The latest risk factor results have been sourced from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) 201415 National Health Survey and the biomedical component of the ABS 201112 Australian Health Survey (ABS 2013, 2015). 4727.0.55.001. Australian health review: a publication of the Australian Hospital Association. There also are data gaps on the relationship between the observed behavioural risk factors and an individual's participation in and outcomes from treatment programs and other preventative health interventions. The NDS recognises illicit drug use as a health and social issue, while acknowledging the role of law enforcement in detecting and deterring drug-related crime. The residential environment has an impact on health equity through its influence on local resources, behaviour and safety. Australian Health Survey: nutrition first resultsfoods and nutrients, 201112. It can provide sources of resilience against poor health through social support which is critical to physical and mental wellbeing, and through networks that help people find work, or cope with economic and material hardship. People reporting the worst mental and physical health (those in the bottom 20%) in 2006 were twice as likely to live in a poor-quality or overcrowded dwelling (Mallett et al. The rate ratio for socioeconomic areas is based on the Index of Relative Socio-economic Advantage and Disadvantage. Canberra: ABS. AIHW (2021b) Heart, stroke and vascular diseaseAustralian facts,AIHW, Australian Government, accessed 28 February 2022. AIHW (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare) 2015. The health consequences of unemployment: the evidence. Department of Health 2015. Dyslipidaemia is a risk factor for chronic diseases such as coronary heart disease and stroke. The biomedical model of health The biomedical model of health focusses on optimum physical health for individuals. the overall proportion of low birthweight babies born to Indigenous mothers fell slightly, from 12.7% in 2000 to 12.2%, in 2013 (AIHW 2015a, 2015b). ABS cat. However, excessive alcohol consumption is a major cause of ill health and social harms, not limited to individual drinkers but also affecting families, bystanders and the broader community (NHMRC 2009). The remaining 1 in 5 reported misuse of a pharmaceutical drug (without use of any other illicit drug) (AIHW 2014b). no. Rates of unemployment are generally higher among people with no or few qualifications or skills, those with disabilities or poor mental health, people who have caring responsibilities, those in ethnic minority groups or those who are socially excluded for other reasons (AIHW 2015b). Findings from the DUMA program: impact of reduced methamphetamine supply on consumption of illicit drugs and alcohol. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Performance Framework: 2014 report. Globally, illicit drug use contributed 0.8% of the total burden of disease in 2010 and has increased since 1990moving from the 18th to 15th ranking risk factor (IHME 2014). (2022). Dimensions of workworking hours, job control, demands and conditionshave an impact on physical and mental health (Barnay 2015). Canberra: ABS. Addiction 101(10):147378. A model of health which focuses on purely biological factors and excludes psychological, environmental, and social influences. 2007). Copenhagen: WHO. The Closing the Gap Clearinghouse at the AIHW has produced a number of reports that discuss how social determinants influence Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health outcomes, and how these determinants are associated with the health gap (AIHW 2015d). 4102.0. Australia has seen an increase in mortality and morbidity associated with prescription drugs, from opioids in particular. Methods in social epidemiology. This model receives the majority of health care funding (over 90%). Australian Health Survey: physical activity, 201112. Research is focusing on better understanding the causal links between social determinants and health outcomes, and on which policies might lead to better health outcomes. This website needs JavaScript enabled in order to work correctly; currently it looks like it is disabled. ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics) 2013. The Australian Burden of Disease Study 2018 estimated disease burden in Australia due to high blood plasma glucose which was defined as intermediate hyperglycaemia (blood plasma glucosebetween 4.96.9 mmol/L), as well as diabetes. London: University College London. In 201112, most adults who were overweight or obese were also inactive or insufficiently active, and/or had inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption (Figure 4.4.2). The prevalence of smoking remains significantly higher in the Indigenous population than in the non-Indigenous population, while the picture for alcohol consumption is more complex. ABS cat. The costs of tobacco, alcohol and illicit drug abuse to Australian society in 2004/05. In 201112, 5.9% of people with cardiovascular disease and 4.6% of people with chronic kidney disease had IFG. Release of the final report of the National Ice Taskforce. Canberra: DoHA. Canberra: ABS. For example, in 201112, 77% of people with diabetes and 59% of people with chronic kidney disease had high blood pressure. 121. 4364.0.55.001. We'd love to know any feedback that you have about the AIHW website, its contents or reports. In 201920, over 61 million prescriptions for blood pressure lowering medicines were dispensed to the Australian population under the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme; more than half (57%) of all cardiovascular medicines dispensed (AIHW 2021b). ABS 2014. However, the proportion of recent users in this age group has been steadily decreasing since 2001 (from 11% in 2001 to 5.7% in 2013) (AIHW 2014b). HSE 165. This was consistent with results reported in 201415 (AIHW analysis of ABS 2016). The proportion of women smoking at any time during pregnancy has steadily declined over timefrom 15% in 2009 to 12% in 2013. Is income inequality a determinant of population health? Before this, the consumption of alcohol in quantities that placed Australians at risk of an alcohol-related disease, illness or injury had remained at similar levels between 2001 and 2010. no. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Both nationally and internationally, the proportion of people using illicit drugs has remained relatively stable over the last 10 yearsaround 15% of adults in Australia, and around 5% of the global adult population (AIHW 2014a; UNODC 2015). Cholesterol is a fatty substance produced by the liver and carried by the blood to supply material for cell walls and hormones. This pattern is not surprising, given government policy and incentives to encourage people with higher incomes to contribute more to the costs of their care, including through the purchase of private health insurance (ABS 2010). Lynch J & Smith GD 2005. In 20092011, a baby born in a region where only 10% of the subregions were in the lowest socioeconomic group could, on average, expect to live to 83 years, whereas a baby born in a region where 70% of the subregions were in the lowest socioeconomic group could expect to live to 79 years. ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics) 2014. More information on these biomedical risk factors is available on the AIHW website atRisk factors to health. Models of Health and Well-Being | SpringerLink The gradient is not limited just to comparisons between the lowest and highest parts of the socioeconomic distribution, but is evident across the whole distribution (Case et al. ABS cat. IGT was not measured (ABS 2013). Among secondary students, misuse of tranquillisers (misuse of a specific pharmaceutical) (17%) was the most common behaviour of concern reported to have occurred in their lifetime, followed by marijuana/cannabis use (15%) (White & Bariola 2012). CDK 2. WHO (World Health Organization) 2011. The Australian Burden of Disease Study 2018 estimated disease burden in Australia due to high blood pressure which was defined as systolic blood pressure greater than 115mmHg. Alcohol was the most common principal drug of concern, accounting for over one-third (37%) of clients and 40% of treatment episodes (a total of 60,000 episodes) (AODTS NMDS). Since 2009, the global market for amphetamine-type stimulants (ATSseeBox 4.5.4) has increased substantially. Based on these data, 2 in 3 (63%, or an estimated 8.5 million) Australian adults had out-of-range blood lipid levels. other psychoactive substanceslegal or illegal, potentially used in a harmful wayfor example, kava, synthetic cannabis and other synthetic drugs, or inhalants such as petrol, paint or glue (MCDS 2011). Models of Health and Health Promotion | The Engage Wiki Behavioural risks include smoking, poor nutrition, physical inactivity and excessive alcohol consumption.
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