anatomical analysis of throwing a football

It occurs from the point of ball release to maximal humeral internal rotation and elbow extension. The bones of the ankle involved are the tibia and calcaneus which form a modified joint. The transfer of the amount of movement is made through the kinetic chain of all bodies (Alcock Citation2010), starting with the support foot up to the leg, then the thigh (left for a right-handed shooter), then down to the trunk and down to the thigh, then the leg and finally the shooters right foot after impact with the ball (Tsaousidis and Zatsiorsky Citation1996). Careful instruction and skill development, together with the correct equipment, is necessary for young players. The neck muscles provide the effort, the neck is the fulcrum, and the weight of the head is the load. During the late cocking phase, the pivot leg hip extensor, knee flexor and calf muscles work concentrically to transfer the force up the kinetic chain and aide in force generation at the arm. Much of the power for kicking a football comes from the action of straightening your knee. The present study aimed to develop a research methodology to investigate the biomechanical response of human subjects during . Follow Through - Tear of the superior aspect of glenoid labrum at the origin of the biceps tendon, subacromial impingement. .KO'Bu~dn"x=>l7B@ktTmx`6j>bR * Having a basic understanding of the kinetic and kinematic characteristics of the most utilized quarterback throwing approaches may help athletic trainers and strength and conditioning professionals enhance on-field performance and minimize risk of non-contact injuries. 4 0 obj Our findings differ from ground reaction forces observed within a cohort of collegiate and high-school baseball pitchers where the greatest levels of vertical forces were observed for the stride limb (front leg) with magnitudes approximately double the bodyweight forces (5). According to an "American Journal of Sports Medicine" study led by B.T. Football kicking is described as a complex motor skill consisting of six important steps: Approach angle, supporting leg forces, swinging of the striking leg, hip flexion and extension at the knee level (Alcock et al. During this phase, it is vital to maintain scapular stabilization due to the forward acceleration of the arm which is equivalent of a peak internal rotation angular velocity of approximately 6500/sec near ball release. One male right-handed quarterback athlete (height = 188 cm, weight = 95.2 kg, age = 20 years) competing at the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division-I level of competition volunteered to participate in this research study. Bookshelf The wind-up phase is defined as the initial movement to maximum knee lift of stride leg [3]. Table 1. Seroyer ST, Nho SJ, Bach BR, Bush-Joseph CA, Nicholson GP, Romeo AA. In book: Science and Football V (pp.92-98) Chapter: A biomechanical analysis of the soccer. doi: 10.7717/peerj.14000. Additionally, the magnitudes for the throw arm elbow angle were significantly lower for 1SLR throwing approach when compared to SST (p<0.001), 3SSA (p=0.021), 3SSG (p=0.002), and 5ST (p=0.033), while no difference was observed when compared to 1SRL (p>0.05). Each of these joints produces two actions, one when the leg is in contact with the ground (driving phase) and one when the leg is not in contact with the ground (recovery phase). The biomechanics of kicking in soccer: a review. Scott R. Johnson, Pamela J. Wojnar, William J. Typically the concern in this phase is safely decelerating the forward progression of the arm. The arm deceleration phase begins at ball release and ends at maximum shoulder internal rotation [3]. 3. Moreover, it seems that the larger the number of drop steps the quarterback takes, the greater the rear foot ground reaction forces. Available from: I give my consent to Physiopedia to be in touch with me via email using the information I have provided in this form for the purpose of news, updates and marketing. While the contribution of the lower body to the proper execution of a football throwing motion is undisputed, Fleisig and colleagues indicated that a considerable amount of force production results from elbow and shoulder joint flexion (2). Some soccer injuries may be attributable to the equipment used. Direct free kick test and data collection. Biomechanical modelling techniques have helped in the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of performance, although their use has been limited. [?VSTy4)GLt|m*4%DihJ]T^d*SRuhXZW~&eH=)YFGECq n: & This is known as the wind-up stance. (1997). While no research studies examined the influence of resistance training programs on quarterback throwing performance to our knowledge, Young et al. Excessive valgus strain at the elbow during the late cocking phase can lead to medial elbow injuries such as muscle tear, avulsion fractures, ulnar nerve damage and most commonly UCL strain or tear. National Library of Medicine https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iRPtVfEz4es. The triceps brachii is an agonist in the acceleration part of the throw and an antagonist when the ball is being drawn back. Although the focus has been more on the shoulder, the entire body movement is required to perform the act of throwing. & Rath, D.A. When these actions cannot be performed there is an increased likelihood of anterior instability of the glenohumeral joint [3]. This investigation was supported through an award from the University of Kansas School of Education Student Research Fund. The graphical representation of the six quarterback throwing approaches examined in this study is presented in Figure 1. Sport Science: Aroldis Chapman. google_ad_slot = "6157411064"; Figure 1. The shoulder is abducted about 90, 10 to 20 horizontally adducted and laterally rotates to about 175. Submitted by: Richard C. Bell, Ed.D., J.D. Flexion - bending a joint. The .gov means its official. Kinetic data was collected with a uniaxial force plate while kinematic data was captured with high definition cameras. In a study of pitchers with chronic anterior instability, stimulation of mechanoreceptors within the glenohumeral joint excited and/or inhibited certain muscles. This phase begins from the point where the stride leg contacts the ground to the point of maximum external rotation of the throwing arm. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. These muscles are called your quadriceps, which are made up of group of four individual muscles -- the vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, vastus medialis and vastus intermedius -- that share a common insertion point at the top of your tibia just below your patella, or kneecap. For a right-handed pitcher, throwing arm is the right arm, a gloved hand is left, lead/stride leg is left lower extremity and pivot/stance leg is right. During this phase, the trunk is perpendicular to the batter and upper extremity position is finalized. The greatest amount of joint loading is generated during this phase. Luo S, Soh KG, Zhang L, Zhai X, Sunardi J, Gao Y, Sun H. Front Public Health. eCollection 2022. In the early cocking phase, the supraspinatus and deltoid work together to abduct the arm with a peak activity, The other muscles which produce peak activity during early cocking phase are right extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis, extensor digitorum communis, right gluteus maximus and left oblique for right-handed pitcher. {u7~g]NHzyI~hnhy%hqLT08ps2!ln].;S`K2y@?87% EoUvxoGhXJYj :T2{D(W6mFq%m Most actions are rotational in the transverse plane, and longitudinal axis and the three joints concerned are the wrist, elbow and shoulder. 2000 Jul 1;28(4):587-601. 2022 Oct 5;10:e14082. Triceps is also at its greatest activity during this phase as the elbow violently moves into extension and across the body. A football result is determined by the interaction of too many factors to even quantify (this is why coaches are paid big money - their job is to quantify and then optimize them!). During the cocking phase, Fleisig[10] reports a 3.0N increase in anterior force at the shoulder for every extra cm and a 2.1N increase in anterior force at the shoulder with every degree increase of foot angle. Top Contributors - Vinit Kothekar, Vidya Acharya, Kim Jackson, Olajumoke Ogunleye, Wanda van Niekerk, Rachael Lowe, Naomi O'Reilly, WikiSysop and Claire Knott. Kelly, B.T., Barnes, R.P., Powell, J.W., & Warren, R.F. Kelly, et al. The statistical significance level was set a priori to p<0.05. R[ :`YS%? @^dW%wJ(WYV|CVjqx+~sT>~2-9W^oJKTR5n85ut>u|eI1l{5c!CRf PD9yBE$O wv^Rz$XA2CIW*rq|OwF&,`gA9`AeNQ!z Other analysis has shown that a footballer will make approximately 28 "purposeful . The placement phase of the support leg and swaying footstrike: the thigh speed has a significant correlation of 0.350 with a rate of 12% (p<0.01), the leg speed has a correlation of 0.424 and a rate of 18% (p<0.01), the foot speed has a significant correlation of 0.488 and a rate of 24% (p<0.01), while the study of (Shinkai etal. The vertical rear foot forces were up to three times greater than the quarterback body weight, which may ultimately lead to an increase in throwing distances. Handball throwing motion was found to be analogous to football throwing motion except for a greater humeral rotation (4). It is known that team sports like football are very complex because of the parameters they bring into play. In this presentation, created by ZenoLink LLC, ways to maximize throwing velocity while minimizing the risk of mechanical injury through improved biomechanics and throwing efficiency are discussed. The trunk continues to rotate and tilt, and energy transferred through upper extremity. PMC The large arm muscles of the triceps, biceps and forearm are involved in the throwing motion, especially once you begin the throw. As the wrist extension reaches a maximum, the wrist extensor is at its greatest activity. Here the target centre was at eye level (166 11 cm). The kicking action takes place in a sagittal plane about a frontal axis and involves the hip, knee and ankle joints. The kinesiological analysis of the normal throw (figure1), of the throw from frontal position, of the throw without the involvement of the contralateral upper limb and of the baseball pitch. %PDF-1.7 (2011). Escamilla et al state that a shoulder compressive force slightly greater than bodyweight is generated to resist shoulder distraction, while a posterior shear force of 40-50% of body weight is generated to resist shoulder anterior subluxation. <> The site is secure. We use cookies to improve your website experience. Thus, the smaller elbow flexion observed for the SST approach might be initiated by biomechanical adjustments necessary to make up for the lack of force production caused by the quarterbacks inability to take one or more penultimate steps such as observed in the one, three, and five-step throwing approaches. The pectoralis major, or pec, is the large muscle in the chest, while the lats are the large muscles on each side of your back, directly under your armpits. 3 0 obj Analysis of Sprinting The running leg action occurs in a sagittal plane about a frontal axis and involves the hip, knee and ankle joints. The stride ankle also typically lands approximately 10cm away from the same midline with a distance from the rubber averaging 87% of the pitcher's height [10]. The fluidity results from the maintenance of the stability, a greater degree of freedom of the segments and the articular mobility. Coupled with the arm cocking phase this phase has also been hypothesized to be at increased risk of various shoulder injuries due to the high kinetic energy generated from the lower extremities [3][11]. The phases of an overhead throw consist of a: Each phase will illustrate the definition, injury occurrence rate, and lastly pathological possibilities. These factors can potentially elicit a negative effect on kinetic chaining synchronization (optimal contraction sequence of neighboring joints and segments) and ultimately impair throwing performance (2,9). By studying the correlations of the latter with the precision of the shot of the free kick, the aim of this study was to identify the biomechanical variables influencing the accuracy of the direct free kick, while defining the important phases of the execution of the shot of the free kick, in order to provide biomechanical indices to the players and coaches to succeed the direct free kick. 6 Hip Extension Exercises to Tighten and Lift Your Glutes, Sports Injury Bulletin: Biomechanics of Soccer. 2022 Nov 1;15(1):1506-1513. eCollection 2022. No difference was observed for ball speed, non-throw arm elbow angle, front leg knee angle, and back leg knee angle between any of the examined throwing approaches. Standing still and throw (SST), one-step right left (1SRL), one-step left right (1SLR), three-step straight ahead (3SSA), three-step shot gun (3SSG), five-step throw (5ST). The quarterback position in American football plays a major role in the overall team success and the level of their performance can potentially determine the final game outcome. Kicking comprises of two phases, the preparatory phase and the kicking phase. Incidence, mechanisms, and severity of match-related collegiate women's soccer injuries on FieldTurf and natural grass surfaces: a 5-year prospective study. Kicking a football -- either a round soccer ball, oval American or rugby ball -- uses a lot of muscles and joints. They were noncompetitive, informal, rule-less; they emphasized physical activity rather than competition. Zack Greinke Pitching Mechanics Slow Motion Baseball Instruction Analysis LA Dodgers MLB 1000 FPS. a no difference when compared to 1SLR (p>0.05)b greater than 3SSA (p<0.05)c lower than 1SLR, 3SSG, 5ST (p<0.05). A 15 cm stationary throwing target was positioned approximately 15 meters (16.4 yds) away from the subjects throwing site, and it stayed constant for all of the throwing approaches examined in this study. An overhead throwing motion is broken down into four phases: loading, arm-cocking, acceleration, and follow-through. Four sequential phases of the football throw were consistently reproduced in the 20 NFL athletes whose throws were reviewed: early cocking, late cocking, acceleration, and follow-through (Fig.. The throwing arm has seven degrees of freedom of joint motion apart from the fingers; three at the shoulder, one at the elbow, one at the radio-ulnar, and two for the wrist. The large muscles of the legs and lower body, such as the calves, quadriceps, hamstrings and glutes, all help to drive and provide power as you step into the throw. Trapezius, serratus anterior and rhomboids produce high MVIC. Hip extensors and abductors, knee flexors and ankle plantar flexors of the pivot leg work to propel the weight forward as the stride leg is moving forward. Nx Y).o{E^C5tq@}=-hXc%Ofr$C7-RhJC>tVW"o@^BRQhe}~0zqP%V?Zdb:4upLO]FWE;e]4;=pq[a8t_VG T3`UAE(Gv6E$.)9,P/ A Sport-specific Performance and Prevention Program for the Throwing Quarterback. Fleisig and colleagues ( 17) have published one description of the phases of the football throw, but their description of the throwing motion used the same six phases that had been previously defined for baseball pitching with no regard for mechanical adjustments associated with the heavier ball. A 0.91 m x 2.4 m (3 x 8) uniaxial force plate (Rice Lake Weighing Systems, Rice Lake, WI) and data acquisition system (BioPac MP 150, Goleta, CA) sampling at 1000 Hz was used for kinetic data collection. government site. The majority of ground reaction force production required for an optimal quarterback throwing motion comes from the rear leg, and the magnitudes may reach three times bodyweight forces. Most applications of biomechanical techniques to soccer have been descriptive experimental studies. Infraspinatus and teres minor have their peak activity to externally rotate the arm concentrically and later on their activity is decreased to moderate levels during the acceleration phase. % Considering that the quarterback throwing motion requires full-body motion involvement, we may assume that these physiological improvements would ultimately lead to throwing performance enhancement. 2022 Oct 26;10:e14000. This type of muscle action is called an isometric contraction, which means that while these muscles are generating tension, they are not causing any actual joint movement but merely hold your ankle in place. In addition to teres minor, infraspinatus, supraspinatus and deltoid also present high MVIC to decelerate the arm in space as it moves forward. Although not evident in these data, it is likely to be apparent when making realistic throws on an actual field. Biomechanics of overhand throwing with implications for injuries. By closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies. Biomechanics of pitching with emphasis upon shoulder kinematics. Additionally, further research should consider utilizing three-dimensional markerless motion tracking systems to optimize kinetic and kinematic data collection and decrease a margin of error that may be attributed by a certain degree of video distortion. Int J Exerc Sci. When reflecting on the nature of American football, quarterbacks are required to achieve an optimal throwing motion within a minimal amount of time while under a considerable amount of pressure (7). There are two phases to striking a ball with a racket, the preparatory phase and the striking phase. Hinge joints allow flexion and extension only.