Adv Drug Deliv Rev. Multifunctional mesoporous silica nanomaterials have been employed to provide a synergistic blend of different assemblies into nanoplatforms with enhanced antitumor activity and less cytotoxicity to normal cells. Proc. Int. Sahoo, Evaluation of curcumin loaded chitosan/PEG blended PLGA nanoparticles for effective treatment of pancreatic cancer. However, to reach clinical application, an understanding of nanoneurotoxicity in terms of oxidative stress and inflammation is required. Nanotechnology for early cancer detection. In this context, Chittasupho et al., have developed CXCR4 targeted dendrimer for breast cancer therapy. Med. Roopan, Biosynthesis and characterization of copper oxide nanoparticles and its anticancer activity on human colon cancer cell lines (HCT-116). 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Biogenic Ag nanoparticles can be employed against prostate and colon cancer. In this context, Levi-Polyachenko et al. Pharmacother. ACS Appl. 17(8), 1600457 (2017), K. Jain et al., Dendrimer toxicity: lets meet the challenge. Nanomaterials for cancer therapy: current progress and perspectives Am. 9(1), 1410 (2018), J. Shi et al., Cancer nanomedicine: progress, challenges and opportunities. Int. The carbon spheres provided high drug loading capacity along with sustained release of drug under acidic pH, which is the normal tumor microenvironment. Fa, folate; PCL, poly(-caprolactone); PEG, poly(ethylene glycol); PEI, poly(ethylenimine); TMZ, temozolomide. have demonstrated increased cell membrane permeability by hyperthermia from multi-walled carbon nanotube, thereby enhancing drug delivery to tumor targets [201]. Active targeting can be achieved using specific ligands that bind to the receptors on the tumor cells. Release 143(3), 374382 (2010), S.A. Kulkarni, S.-S. Feng, Effects of particle size and surface modification on cellular uptake and biodistribution of polymeric nanoparticles for drug delivery. Nanomed. Biomater. Chem. We further elaborate on the topical progress made to date toward nanomaterial engineering for cancer therapy, including current strategies for drug targeting and release for efficient cancer administration. Mater. All these strategies can reduce the systemic toxicity at the tumor sites by ensuring that healthy cells are not affected. Control. Lancet et al., Final results of a phase III randomized trial of CPX-351 versus 7 + 3 in older patients with newly diagnosed high risk (secondary) AML. This phenomenon can be further exploited for potential therapeutic purposes, employing nanoparticles as drug or gene delivery carriers. The cells are also counterstained with nuclear fast red. Res. This major setback has led to the development of ligand-directed liposomes for active targeting and treatment of different types of cancer. Biophys. Cancer is one of the leading causes of death and morbidity with a complex pathophysiology. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! A summary of different organic nanomaterials used as drug delivery carrier for anticancer drugs and the targets is shown in Table3. Similar to Au nanoparticles,silver (Ag) nanoparticles havealso been demonstrated to be used as anticancer agents for the treatment of multiple types of cancer [144,145,146,147]. A clear understanding of these factors will provide important synthesis strategies for targeted nanoparticles therapyactive or passive targeting alike. ACS Appl. Lett. Wang et al., developed a multi-walled carbon nanotube platform with improved circulation half-life, and active targeting ability with high drug loading ratio. Such clinical trials are projected to intensify the use of polymeric drug delivery systems in the near future. 7(7), 1701143 (2017), Y. Wen, J.K. Oh, Intracellular delivery cellulose-based bionanogels with dual temperature/pH-response for cancer therapy. Cells Nanomed. 11(2), 140152 (2017), Article Zhu et al., Surface properties dictate uptake, distribution, excretion, and toxicity of nanoparticles in fish. Additionally, the size and shape of the nanomaterials impact the drug loading and release, along with the stability [102]. https://www.cancer.org/research/cancer-facts-statistics/all-cancer-facts Wu S, Zhu W, Thompson P, Hannun YA. J. Nanomed. Ind. Nanotechnology in cancer diagnosis: progress, challenges and opportunities In the fight against cancer, early detection is a key factor for successful treatment. J. Careers. Sci. C 91, 395403 (2018), G. Arya, M. Das, S.K. Artif. Patil et al., Single-step surface functionalization of polymeric nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery. Nano Res. Graphical illustration of passive and active drug targeting strategies. 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Gao et al., A multifunctional nanocarrier based on nanogated mesoporous silica for enhanced tumor-specific uptake and intracellular delivery. USA 95(8), 46074612 (1998), N. Bertrand et al., Cancer nanotechnology: the impact of passive and active targeting in the era of modern cancer biology. Preprints 2021, 2021100407. Furthermore, poor pharmacokinetic characteristics of anticancer drugs arising from poor solubility, stability, and metabolism pose different challenges of toxicity, inefficacy and limited bio-distribution. The size of the nanomaterials also influences the uptake of the drug by the cells and interactions with specific tissues for therapeutic purposes. J. Nanomed. Current standards of care combine precise staging of cancer with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and/or surgical resection. Biomacromolecules 14(8), 26012610 (2013), A. Jose et al., Temperature-sensitive liposomes for co-delivery of tamoxifen and imatinib for synergistic breast cancer treatment. Soc. 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The nanoformulation exhibited a high rate of apoptosis against human liver cells and stronger anti-angiogenic effects together with inhibition of proliferation, migration, invasion, and tube formation [272]. This heterogeneity adds another layer of complexity to passive targeting. The designing of multifunctional delivery platforms using mesoporous silica nanomaterials with different characteristics is possible because of facile modification of their surface. Similarly, pH sensitive liposomes have also proved to be effective in increasing the drug accumulation in resistant tumor cells and are potent drug carriers that can overcome multidrug resistance. Also, binding of one ligand molecule generally facilitates binding of consequent molecules through cooperativity effects, collectively enhancing the binding efficiency and subsequent actions. Mater. Neoplasia 6(5), 423431 (2004), Y.H. Thus, nanotechnology is creating new opportunities for designing materials that can revolutionize the approaches to drug delivery and transform the landscape of the pharmacological treatment of cancer [7, 24,25,26]. Google Scholar, D. Xiao et al., A redox-responsive mesoporous silica nanoparticle capped with amphiphilic peptides by self-assembly for cancer targeting drug delivery. 2022 Mar 1;2(3):258-281. doi: 10.1021/acsbiomedchemau.2c00003. 6(4), 877884 (2018), Y.-J. 9(2), 194201 (2013), P.M. Valencia et al., Effects of ligands with different water solubilities on self-assembly and properties of targeted nanoparticles. Jeong, S. Jon, A drug-loaded aptamergold nanoparticle bioconjugate for combined CT imaging and therapy of prostate cancer. An additional layer of targeting functionalities can be applied to these nano-formulations to improve their biodistribution and minimize immune clearance. Biosci. Soe et al., Folate receptor-mediated celastrol and irinotecan combination delivery using liposomes for effective chemotherapy. J. different materials such as natural or synthetic polymers, lipids or metals. Tailor-made nanomaterials functionalized with specific ligands can target cancer cells in a predictable manner and deliver encapsulated payloads effectively. Control. There are different classes of liposomes used as drug delivery platforms for enhancing the efficacy of cancer therapeutics [232]. G4.0-polyamide amine-HEP-mPEG revealed precise release of doxorubicin and had prolonged retention compared to pristine doxorubicin in both Hela and fibroblast NIH3T3 cancer cells. The extent and kinetics of nanomaterial accumulation at the tumor site are influenced by their size. Sci. Chem. Sci. Table1 presents different nanocarriers loaded with drugs that are released to tumor sites based on specific stimuli. Nanotechnology - Types, Applications, Disadvantages, Companies 10, 157168 (2015), M. Ajmal et al., Synthesis, characterization and in vitro evaluation of methotrexate conjugated fluorescent carbon nanoparticles as drug delivery system for human lung cancer targeting. 6(4), 662668 (2006), P. Decuzzi et al., Size and shape effects in the biodistribution of intravascularly injected particles. This review summarizes the latest developments in nanotechnology applications for cancer diagnosis. The authors announce no competing of interest. The results demonstrated that the high drug loading capacity and less systemic toxicity of G4.0 polyamide amine-HEP-mPEG/DOX could serve as a suitable drug delivery system [280]. Eur. In vivo fluorescence imaging revealed the distribution of the drug in organs and these carbon nanospheres exercised antitumor effect in SCID mice bearing oesophageal tumors. 11, 66936702 (2016), S.A. Sadat Shandiz et al., Novel imatinib-loaded silver nanoparticles for enhanced apoptosis of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Int. Pharm. The use of diverse nanomaterials with desired properties and recent progress in the drug delivery arena have revealed outstanding challenges in cancer therapy and management. When multiple ligand molecules are accumulated onto the nanosystems, there is an overall increase in the avidity of the nanoparticles for its cognate target [45]. Adv. The combination of multiple drugs has been established to be more effective than single drug treatment. 11, 20212037 (2016), K. Vimala et al., Green synthesized doxorubicin loaded zinc oxide nanoparticles regulates the Bax and Bcl-2 expression in breast and colon carcinoma. This gradient in the pH profile between pathological cells and normal cells can be exploited for controlled drug release. Adv. Rotello, Functionalized gold nanoparticles for drug delivery. Alongside, case-by-case basis investigations are required to harness the tremendous potential of cancer nanotherapeutics. Several polymer-based therapeutics are currently in the market or undergoing a clinical evaluation to treat cancer. ACS Nano 6(6), 53665380 (2012). J. A range of inorganic nanomaterials have been developed in recent past with meticulous properties and employed in biomedical applications especially in cancer treatment and management. Environ. In vivo studies of MUC1 aptamer-capped mesoporous silica nanomaterials on MDA-MB-231 tumor-bearing Balb/c mice were found to effectively target breast cancer cells and induce a dramatic reduction in cell viability [223]. Int. Amongst the widely used strategies, today in cancer research is nanotechnology. Nanotechnology has the potential to circumvent several drawbacks of conventional therapeutic formulations. Solidum JGN, Ceriales JA, Ong EP, Ornos EDB, Relador RJL, Quebral EPB, Lapea JFF Jr, Tantengco OAG, Lee KY. Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg. Yuan et al., Surface charge switchable nanoparticles based on zwitterionic polymer for enhanced drug delivery to tumor. Conventional treatment strategies for lung cancer lack specificity and are limited by undesirable toxicities in normal cells, as well as a high rate of recurrence. Rev. Generally, covalent conjugation methods have been utilised, but systems with physical absorption using affinity complexes can also be used effectively [55]. Mater. J. 66(13), 67326740 (2006), H. Zhou et al., IGF1 receptor targeted theranostic nanoparticles for targeted and image-guided therapy of pancreatic cancer. J. Photochem. J. Med. Res. Nat. In another report, multi-walled carbon nanotube were decorated with TiO2Au nanocomposite, and the system was observed to be efficient in inducing toxicity to A549 and MCF7 cancer cell lines [200]. The surface charge of the nanoparticles is one of the leading factors to direct the interaction at the nano-bio interface [23]. 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