Ethiopia was deemed the ripest for immediate action. "Ambiguous citizens": Kenyan Somalis and the question of belonging 36. 50. www.knbs.or.ke/index.php?Option=com_content&view=article&id=151:ethnic-affiliation&catid=112&Itemid=638 [accessed 17 July 2015]. According to a Somali MP (interviewed in September 2014), about 100,000 Somalians were living in Eastleigh (Nairobi) alone, many of them not registered. 38. But counting ethnic affiliation also created opportunities for the negotiation of belonging to Kenya. When I met him in Nakuru, he lived with his two brothers. )5.24% (2019 est.). the report brings us up to date on a 20 year-old insurgency waged by some Ogadeeni members of the larger ethnic Somali population in parts of the Ogaden region, which stretches across south-eastern Ethiopia and the borders of Kenya and the Somali territories. In the colonial classification, urbanized alien Somalis neither counted as European, nor as truly Asian or as clearly African, but as something in between, not fitting the categories. In Ogaden, there is no protection from rape and sexual assault of women and girls. Talking Peace in the Ogaden | Rift Valley Institute Kenyans has humiliated our people in Kenya. (English)The World Factbook, Chanzo cha Lazima Kuhusu Habari ya Msingi. )forest: 6.1% (2018 est. Kenyan Somalis seem to be ambiguous in both of them. )nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est. The Ogaden contains oil and gas fields, but development has been hampered by instability in the region. According to Human Rights . Refworld | Somalia: Information on the Ogaden clan in Somaliland The region has an estimated population of about 4.5 million. In 2013, presidential elections coincided with the new county-level elections, intensifying this feature of Kenya politics. Lind et al., Killing a Mosquito, 15. ), $4,700 (2021 est. There had been warnings that were not taken seriously concerning the attacks on the Westgate Mall (2013), the coastal town Mpeketoni close to Lamu (2014), as well as on the Garissa University College (2015).Footnote69 Moreover, when the Kenyan security apparatus reacted, it did so in an incoherent and chaotic way.Footnote70 Instead of improving coordination between the multiple security agencies, political actors responded in the same manner as before by blaming terrorism on Somali refugees in particular and the Somali inhabitants of Kenya in general, externalizing insecurity by utilizing the image of Somalis as ambiguous citizens, ignoring that many of the attackers were neither Kenyan Somalis nor Somali nationals.Footnote71. The system we have gone through, the schooling, brings people closer together, the way we understand things. This strategy of stigmatization informed the security measures taken. relatively successful government counter-insurgency campaign - have exhausted the local Ethiopian-Somali population sufficiently to push the ONLF back to the table. Those who reside in southern Somalia (e.g. Their presence also transformed the urban retail sector, which changed in the 1990s due to Somali traders and the establishment of Somali shopping centres.Footnote38 With this visible presence of Somalis in the economic and political sphere, anti-Somali sentiments have grown stronger, culminating in fears that Somalis are taking over KenyaFootnote39 and that Kenya is colonized by refugees.Footnote40 These fears are not only strong among the Christian population, but also among Muslims, whose communities experienced changed power relations due to the immigration of Somalis to the cities. The term Somali is used as an umbrella term, applied to a very heterogeneous population. The most credible attempt at talks to end decades of armed conflict in Ogaden may soon . HRW, Death and Disappearances, 1213. )proven reserves: 0 metric tons (2019 est. In 2013, the elections fostered a co-optation of the Kenyan Somali population; at the same time, they were the focus of a securitization discourse, which in turn resulted in another alienation of the Somali population of Kenya. The Ogaden War 1977-78 In Kenya, Mogadishu merely supported local armed groups to further its irredentist ambitions, but in Ethiopia, it launched a full-scale war. )$25.706 billion (2018 est. There are 18 countries and 2 dependencies in East Africa. With nearly 53.8 million inhabitants, Kenya ranks among the 10 most populated nations in Africa. Cultural citizenship is also asserted by an investment in building Kenyas future,Footnote98 another way of working the soil.Footnote99 The involvement of Kenyan Somalis in the secession movement of the 1960s, and, today, in terrorist attacks, works in the opposite direction. The only thing that is bringing us [ethnic Somalis from Kenya and Somalia] together is the religion, and slightly the language, and the colour. In the multi-ethnic state of Kenya, there are other groups as well who are ambiguous citizens including Asians, Whites, Nubians and Arabs for whom two main dimensions along which Kenyanness is constructed come into the foreground: a racial dimension and a cultural dimension. The figures concerning the North Eastern Province, where most Kenyan Somalis lived, were later nullified, following claims that they were not reliable. Ethiopia vs Kenya: What is the difference? I met only a few Kenyan Somalis who had family networks spanning across the border to Somalia or who had moved for work reasons to Somalia. By around the 9th century, the mix of Africans, Arabs, and Persians who lived and traded there became known as Swahili ("people of the coast") with a distinct language (KiSwahili) and culture. )5.4% (2020 est. Similar living experiences can also result from internal migration, often for educational reasons or because of work. Meeting Kenyan Somalis from the northeastern part of the country, where Somali is spoken more frequently, can lead to a feeling of double exclusion: to be neither accepted as Somali nor to be able to claim belonging to any other Kenyan ethnic group. Overall NFD population is 2.2 million. 21. Ogaden's recent history is also clouded by conflict that has killed thousands. This paper deals with the first two categories, Kenyan Somalis who have a well-founded claim to Kenyan citizenship. )wine: 0.04 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. Interview with Tusmo, Mombasa, August 2017. The situation of an Ogaden born in Kenya is very different from the one of an Ogaden born in Kismayo from one born in Region 5. 68. 8. His grandfather served as Sergeant in the colonial-era Kenya Police. The region has an overall low population density and is home to Somali-speaking nomadic pastoralists. 5. Abdullahis parents and siblings identify as Muslim and as Somali in contrast to him. The Portuguese arrived in the 1490s and, using Mombasa as a base, sought to monopolize trade in the Indian Ocean. )53.2% of GDP (2016 est. ), fresh water lake(s): Lake Victoria (shared with Tanzania and Uganda) - 62,940 sq kmsalt water lake(s): Lake Turkana (shared with Ethiopia) - 6,400 sq km, Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 sq km), population heavily concentrated in the west along the shore of Lake Victoria; other areas of high density include the capital of Nairobi, and in the southeast along the Indian Ocean coast as shown in this population distribution map, recurring drought; flooding during rainy seasons, volcanism: limited volcanic activity; the Barrier (1,032 m) last erupted in 1921; South Island is the only other historically active volcano, the Kenyan Highlands comprise one of the most successful agricultural production regions in Africa; glaciers are found on Mount Kenya, Africa's second highest peak; unique physiography supports abundant and varied wildlife of scientific and economic value; Lake Victoria, the world's largest tropical lake and the second largest fresh water lake, is shared among three countries: Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda, Kikuyu 17.1%, Luhya 14.3%, Kalenjin 13.4%, Luo 10.7%, Kamba 9.8%, Somali 5.8%, Kisii 5.7%, Mijikenda 5.2%, Meru 4.2%, Maasai 2.5%, Turkana 2.1%,non-Kenyan 1%, other 8.2% (2019 est. Diaspora Somalis Negotiate Their Citizenship, Remembering Wagalla: State Violence in Northern Kenya, 19621991, Counting as Citizens: Recognition of the Nubians in the 2009 Kenyan Census, Feeling the Pinch: Kenya, Al-Shabaab, and East Africas Refugee Crisis, Urban Refugees in Nairobi: Problems of Protection, Mechanisms of Survival, and Possibilities for Integration, Navigating Ethnicity and Electoral Politics in Northern Kenya: The Case of the 2013 Election, Autochthony: Local Or Global? 40. The widespread use of rape in Ogaden has . In the North Eastern Province, they had at least what is theirs. Nobody questions the connection of Kenyan Somalis to the soil of the northeastern region, where most of them live: what is disputed is the question of whether or not this makes them Kenyan. Giving Informality Room. Thirdly, there are SomalianFootnote2 refugees (officially, they numbered about 285,000 people in December 2017).Footnote3 The last, and smallest, group are the relatively affluent Somalian returnees, who migrated from Somalia to Europe or North America in the 1990s and later returned to East African urban areas. In the case of Kenyan Somalis, this notion is further complicated. Counting ethnic affiliation was seen by some commentatorsFootnote49 as reintroducing ethnicity into politics when unity should be paramount. )crude oil and lease condensate exports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. )proven reserves: 0 cubic meters (2021 est. ), total: 20 yearsmale: 19.9 yearsfemale: 20.1 years (2020 est. )male: 19.5% (2020 est. While they have been treated as ambiguous citizens since independence, many think of themselves as Kenyans and at least in the last decade, Somalia, Somaliland and Puntland have not been central points of reference for many. )consumption: 0 cubic meters (2021 est. PDF II. Ogaden: Ethiopia's Most Contested Territory ), $29.289 billion (2019 est. 92. Many are in refugee camps in Kenya and Yemen, from where they recount stories of horrific abuse. Weitzberg, We Do Not Have, cautions that also this term implicitly sets Somalis apart from other transnational groups in Kenya (p. 15), for whom nationality is rarely mentioned. Lochery, Rendering Difference Visible, 617. ), general assessment: Kenyas telecom market continues to undergo considerable changes in the wake of increased competition, improved international connectivity, and rapid developments in the mobile market; the country is directly connected to a number of submarine cables, and with Mombasa through a terrestrial network, the country serves as a key junction for onward connectivity to the Arabian states and the Far East; numerous competitors are rolling out national and metropolitan backbone networks and wireless access networks to deliver services to population centers across the country; several fiber infrastructure sharing agreements have been forged, and as a result the number of fiber broadband connections has increased sharply in recent years; much of the progress in the broadband segment is due to the governments revised national broadband strategy, which has been updated with goals through to 2030, and which are largely dependent on mobile broadband platforms based on LTE and 5G (2022)domestic: fixed-line subscriptions stand at less than 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular subscriptions at 123 per 100 persons (2021)international: country code - 254; landing point for the EASSy, TEAMS, LION2, DARE1, PEACE Cable, and SEACOM fiber-optic submarine cable systems covering East, Northand South Africa, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia; satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat; launched first micro satellites in 2018 (2019), about a half-dozen large-scale privately owned media companies with TV and radio stations, as well as a state-owned TV broadcaster, provide service nationwide; satellite and cable TV subscription services available; state-owned radio broadcaster operates 2 national radio channels and provides regional and local radio services in multiple languages; many private radio stations broadcast on a national level along with over 100 private and non-profit regional stations broadcasting in local languages; TV transmissions of all major international broadcasters available, mostly via paid subscriptions; direct radio frequency modulation transmissions available for several foreign government-owned broadcasters (2019), total: 15.37 million (2021 est. 13. The successful candidate must secure 25% of votes in more than half of the counties, turning northeastern counties into swing regions. 35. Theoretical Notes on Gray Cities: The Coming of Urban Apartheid? Her mother grew up in Garissa in northeastern Kenya. Members of the Ogaden clan primarily live in the central Ogaden plateau of Ethiopia (Somali Region), the North Eastern Province of Kenya, and theJubaland region of Southern Somalia. In the violence following the elections 2007, he was almost killed in a targeted attack, which he blamed on economic competition based on ethnic categorization. ), total: 26.94 deaths/1,000 live birthsmale: 29.94 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale: 23.88 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est. Ogaden (clan) | Somali Wiki | Fandom 12. The Sands of the Ogaden Are Blowing Across East Africa See for instance, Soysal, Limits of Citizenship; Al-Sharmani and Horst, Marginal Actors?. The ambiguousness of citizenship for Kenyan Somalis was complicated further in the 1990s, with the increasing number of Somalian refugees in Kenya.Footnote29 While this number officially includes only those registered as refugees, many more Somalians live outside the camps in the northeastern region as well as in Kenyan urban centres.Footnote30 From the early 1990s onwards, anti-refugee sentiments were aimed at Somalians. Both solutions are characterized by instability and insecurity. Cheeseman et al., Decentralisation in Kenya, 3. Last but not least the term ambiguous citizenship encapsulates different dimensions of citizenship while people can be treated as belonging in some of them, they are not necessarily categorized as citizens in others. 3. Somali Entrepreneurs in Kenya Have Transformed the Informal Retail Economy in Substantive Ways, MPI for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity, in Association with Cityscapes Magazine, Territorializing Ethnicity: the Imposition of a Model of Statehood on Pastoralists in Northern Kenya and Southern Ethiopia. )5.01% (2019 est. 23. With his brothers, he plans to start an agricultural business. Weitzberg, The Unaccountable Census.. Kenyan Somalis at times naively buy into this national delusion until they are violently awakened to the reality by events like the current exercise [operation usalama watch], and then put in their rightful place. Ogden is currently growing at a rate of 0.08% annually and its population has increased by 0.25% since the most recent census, which recorded a population of 86,726 in 2020. Interview with Abdullahi, Mombasa, August 2011. People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. ), 5.74% (2021 est. One Imam in Nakuru,Footnote97 for instance, who was born nearby Garissa, went to a local state primary school and then to different Islamic educational institutes on the coast, in Garissa and in Nairobi. In 2013 it was merged with the Ministry of Devolution and Planning. In the last decade, the government has slowly become more attentive to this region, for instance by the establishment of a Ministry of Northern Kenya and other Arid Areas in 2008.Footnote35 In addition, in 2009, the LAPSSET (Lamu Port-South Sudan-Ethiopia Transport) project was announced, aiming at the creation of a infrastructure network linking the northern regions to central Kenya and therefore ideally becoming a means through which northerners could be drawn into the nation proper.Footnote36, The immigration of Somalian refugees enabled more contacts between Kenyan Somalis and Somalians, yet it also led Kenyan Somalis to realign questions of Kenyanness and belonging. 22. 106. [citation needed] Administration [ edit] When applying the population growth of Kenya (3.2%), a conservative approach ignoring the high number in children in many Somali families, to the census figures from 1962 (about 270,000 counted as Somali), one should have expected to count about 640,000 people. administered Somali territories of northern Kenya and Somaliland. PDF The Jubbaland Project and the Transborder Ogadeen - London School of Kenya was, after Somalia, the second largest recipient of US-American anti-terrorism funds in Sub-Saharan Africa between 2013 and 2015. http://securityassistance.org/data/country/military/country/2011/2018/is_all/Africa [accessed 14 March 2017]. HRW, Death and Disappearances, 16; Lind et al., Killing a Mosquito, 14. less than 1, total subscriptions: 65,085,720 (2021 est. This makes it more difficult for the vast majority of Somalis not involved in these movements to claim their Kenyanness. Almost 40% of Kenyans are under the age of 15 as of 2020 because of sustained high fertility, early marriage and childbearing, and an unmet need for family planning. The host population within a 50km radius of the refugee complex has been growing at a rate of 11.7% per year since the refugees moved into Dadaab, according to a study commissioned by the Kenyan. While she described the first and the third group as being closed, she depicted Kenyan Somalis as open. Kenyan Somalis from the northeastern region also explained their Kenyanness with cultural differences to Somalians. See Whittaker, Insurgency and Counterinsurgency. 88. In Dadaab: refugees v locals | Global development | The Guardian ), $11.825 billion (2021 est.) In the 1960s and 1970s, Kenyans pursued higher education in the UK because of colonial ties, but as British immigration rules tightened, the US, the then Soviet Union, and Canada became attractive study destinations.
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